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Zoology > Lab Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what level of organization are sponges on?

A

cellular level

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2
Q

do sponges have germ layers?

A

no

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3
Q

are sponges diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

neither

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4
Q

are adult sponges sessile or motile?

A

sessile

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5
Q

what type of symmetry to sponges have?

A

asymmetry

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6
Q

are sponges solitary or colonial?

A

either

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7
Q

where do sponges mostly live?

A

marine environments

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8
Q

how many cell types do sponges have?

A

four

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9
Q

how do sponges feed?

A

filter feeding

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10
Q

what are sponges’ skeletons made of?

A

spicules and/or spongin

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11
Q

four sponge cell types

A

pinacocytes, porocytes, chanocytes, and amoebocytes

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12
Q

what are pinacocytes?

A

thin, flat cells covering the outer surface of the sponge. they have the ability to contract and thus change the shape of the sponge

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13
Q

what are porocytes?

A

tire-shaped cells that channel water into the interior of the sponge

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14
Q

what are choanocytes?

A

flagellated cells that filter food from the water

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15
Q

what are amoebocytes?

A

mobile cells (within the mesohyl) that digest the food and deliver it to the other cells of the sponge. they also produce the spicules, spongin, and mesohyl of the skeleton. finally, they can undergo developmental changes and transform themselves into any other cell types the sponge needs

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16
Q

what cell drives the water through a sponge?

A

porocytes

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17
Q

what is the function of the pinacocytes?

A

contract and change the shape of the sponge

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18
Q

what is the function of the amoebocytes?

A

-digest food
-deliver food to other sponge cells
-produce spicules, spongin, and mesohyl of the skeleton
-undergo developmental changes and transform themselves into any other cell types the sponge needs

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19
Q

what cell type produces the spicules?

A

amoebocytes

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20
Q

chief characteristics of sponges

A

canal systems, unique skeletons, and internal organization

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21
Q

three primary sponge body types

A

asconoid canal system, syconoid canaly system, and leuconoid canal system

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22
Q

asconoid canal system

A

-the ascon sponge is a spongocoel lined with choanocytes, with a single osculum
-water enters the ostium, into the spongocoel, and out the osculum

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23
Q

spongocoel

A

hollow tube in a sponge

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24
Q

osculum

A

large opening in a sponge

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25
Q

syconoid canal system

A

-the sycon sponge has a tubular design similar to the ascon sponge, but the body is folded into radial canals lined with choanocytes
-complicated water flow system

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26
Q

how does water flow in syconoid canal systems?

A

howater enters via the dermal ostium, the incurrent canals, and through the prosopyle, , into the radial canal, and out the apopyle directly into the spongocoel and out the osculum

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27
Q

how does water flow in syconoid canal systems?

A

water enters via the dermal ostium, the incurrent canals, and through the prosopyle, , into the radial canal, and out the apopyle directly into the spongocoel and out the osculum

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28
Q

leuconoid canal system

A

-most complex
-body is folded multiple times to produce a series of chambers, lined with choanocytes, connected by internal canals

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29
Q

how does water flow in the leuconoid canal system?

A

water enters via the ostium, the incurrent canal, and through the prosopyle, into the flagellated chamber, and out the apopyle directly into the incurrent canal and out the numerous oscula

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the ostium?

A

to take water into the sponge

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31
Q

what is the function of the radial canal?

A

take water into the spongocoel in syconoids

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32
Q

what is the function of the osculum?

A

to release water

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33
Q

what class is Leucosolenia a part of?

A

class Calcarea

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34
Q

what phylum is class Calcarea a part of?

A

Porifera

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35
Q

mesohyl

A

a gelatinous matrix that fills a sponge that contains amoebocytes and spicules

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36
Q

what is an ostium

A

an incurrent pore made by the porocytes

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37
Q

osculum

A

large opening in the sponge

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38
Q

what is the function of the porocyte?

A

to form the ostium

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39
Q

what is the function of the mesohyl?

A

support the sponge

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40
Q

what are the spicules made of in Class Calcarea?

A

calcium carbonate

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41
Q

how do sponges reproduce?

A

both sexually and asexually

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42
Q

classes in Phylum Porifera

A

Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongia

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43
Q

classes of cnidarian

A

Hydrozoa, Schyphozoa, Anthozoa, Cubozos

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44
Q

common name of class Hydrozoa

A

hydras

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45
Q

common name of class Schyphozoa

A

true jellyfish

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46
Q

common name of class Anthozoa

A

sea anemones and coral

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47
Q

common name of class Cubozoa

A

box jellyfish

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48
Q

dominant form of hydras

A

polyp

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49
Q

what is the body wall of the
Hydra made of?

A

epidermis and gastrodermis, seperated by a middle noncellular layer called the mesoglea

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50
Q

what is the function of the mesoglea in Hydra

A

to act as an elastic skeleton that increases the flexibility of the animal

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51
Q

what is the gastrodermis made of

A

nutritive-muscular cells and gland cells for digestion

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52
Q

what is the function of the cnidocytes in Hydra?

A

stinging

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53
Q

what body type is the Hydra?

A

polyp

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54
Q

how many openings in the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra?

A

one

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55
Q

what is the area surrounding the mouth of the Hydra called?

A

hypostome

56
Q

what class is Obelia in

A

Hydrozoa

57
Q

what life cycle stages do Obelia have

A

polyp and medusa

58
Q

how does a hydroid colony form in Obelia?

A

a free-swimming planula larva settles and attaches to a substrate

59
Q

how many kinds of polyps are there on an Obelia colony

A

two: gonangia, and hydranths

60
Q

what are hydranths

A

nutritive polyps
-can be recognized by vase shape and feeding tentacles

61
Q

what are gonangia

A

reproductive polyps, where medusa buds grow inside them and develop into mature dioecious medusa that exit via the gonopore
-can be recognized by their club shape and lack of tentacles

62
Q

hydrotheca

A

stem of hydranth

63
Q

gonotheca

A

stem of gonangia

64
Q

gonopore

A

the opening at the top of the gonangium where medusas leave

65
Q

what does the Hydrozoa bell look like

A

umbrella-shaped with a velum

66
Q

how are tentacles attached to the Hydrozoa?

A

with a tentacular bulb

67
Q

where is the mouth opening in the Hydrozoa

A

the manubrium

68
Q

where is the manubrium

A

hangs from the center of the oral surfacwe

69
Q

where are the gonads

A

four sets of them radiate from the center to the margin of the bell

70
Q

information about the gastrovascular cavity

A

it is under the gonads, and divides into four radial canals that, at the margin of the medusa, combine with the ring canal

71
Q

how are Platyhelminthes flattened

A

dorsoventrally

72
Q

symmetry of flatworms

A

bilateral and unsegmented

73
Q

are Platyhelminthes cephalized

A

yes

74
Q

are Platyhelminthes protostomes or deuterostomes

A

protostomes

75
Q

are Platyhelminthes triploblastic or diploblastic

A

triploblastic

76
Q

what type of body cavities do Platyhelminthes have

A

they are acoelomates

77
Q

excretory system of Platyhelminthes

A

consists of flame cells and tubules for removing nitrigenous waste

78
Q

complete or incomplete digestive system?

A

incomplete

79
Q

how do Platyhelminthes reproduce

A

asexually through fragmentation and sexually involving several hosts

80
Q

classes of Platyhelminthes

A

Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

81
Q

what class are Planarians in

A

Turbellaria

82
Q

what are Planarians?

A

free-living flatworms found on the underside of rocks and sticks submerged in fresh water streams and ponds

83
Q

what do Planarians eat

A

they are carnivorous, and engulf their prey through their muscular pharynx

84
Q

how are planarians flattened

A

dorsoventrally

85
Q

how do planarians see

A

with eyespots, which are light sensitive ocelli

86
Q

what kind of digestive system do planarians have

A

incomplete: large gastrovascular cavity with many intestinal brances

87
Q

where is the mouth located on planarians

A

in the middle of the body and the pharynx can be extended through the ventral mouth

88
Q

how does food travel in planarians

A

sucked into the mouth by the pharynx and is sent into the intestine, which has one anterior trunk and two posterior trunks, one on each side of the pharynx

89
Q

excretory system of planarians

A

consists of protonephridia and excretory canals

90
Q

protonephridia

A

flame cells in planarians

91
Q

nervous system of planarians

A

ladder-like; the brain consists of two ganglia surrounding the eyespots, connected to two lateral nerve cords running down the side of the flatworm with transverse nerves connecting the lateral cords

92
Q

cross section of planarian

A

-epidermis surrounds flatworm, is ciliated on the ventral side
-circular muscles and longitudinal muscles inside epidermis
-parenchyma
-intestines
-pharynx in the middle, and the lumen of the pharynx
-nerve cords along the ventral surface

93
Q

how do planarians reproduce asexually

A

transverse fission and regeneration

94
Q

transverse fission

A

individual splits down the center from head to tail, forming two new individuals in the process

95
Q

regeneration

A

produce a new individual when cut in half

96
Q

sexual reproduction in planarians

A

flatworms insert sperm into the seminal receptacle via the penis, where it waits
-sperm then travels to the common genital atrium and fertilizes the eggs

97
Q

are planarians monoecious or dioecious

A

monoecious

98
Q

how does sperm travel through the planarians

A

-develops in the testes
-travels through the vans deferens to the sperm ducts, and into the penis bulb to be inserted into another flatworm

99
Q

how do eggs travel through the planarians

A

develop in the two ovaries
-travel down through the oviducts, collecting yolk from the yolk glands as they pass

100
Q

what happens to the fertilized eggs once fertilization occurs in the planarians?

A

they are surrounded by the yolk and a hard shell, then expelled out the ventral genital pore

101
Q

what is the function of the flame cells in planarians

A

remove waste through filtration

102
Q

what is the function of the parenchyma?

A

to fill the space between the organs

103
Q

what symmetry is the flatworm?

A

bilateral

104
Q

how many openings are there of the gastrovascular cavity in planarians

A

one

105
Q

what is the function of the auricles

A

to contain many tactile and olfactory sense cells

106
Q

what class are flukes in

A

Trematoda

107
Q

what are flukes

A

vertebrate parasites that have three different hosts in their life cycle
-non-ciliated body that is leaflike or cylindrical in shape, usually with both oral and ventral suckers

108
Q

tegument

A

covers flukes

109
Q

where is the mouth located in flukes

A

in the oral sucker

110
Q

where does the mouth lead in flukes

A

to the muscular pharynx, which then becomes the short esophagus that divides into two lateral branches (intestines) of the digestive system

111
Q

excretory system of flukes

A

consists of two excretory ducts which connect to the single bladder

112
Q

where is nitrogenous waste expelled in flukes

A

out of the ventral excretory pore

113
Q

are flukes monoecious or dioecious

A

monoecious

114
Q

where does sperm travel in flukes

A

-produced in large testicles
-travel through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicle, and out the genital pore in the middle of the ventral sucker

115
Q

where do eggs travel in flukes

A

-produced in the single ovary, where they are fertilized and surrounded by a shell and sent to the uterus
-uterus is filled with fertilized eggs and exit out the genital pore

116
Q

what disease do liver flukes cause

A

schistosomiasis

117
Q

what animals are the intermediate hosts for flukes?

A

snails and fish

118
Q

what animal is the definitive host for flukes?

A

humans

119
Q

which stage is asexual for flukes?

A

miracidia larva stage, where they multiply into many tad-pole-like cercariea larvae

120
Q

what does monoecious mean?

A

both the male and female reproductive organs are in the same organism

121
Q

what class are tapeworms a part of

A

Cestoda

122
Q

what kind of feeders are tapeworms

A

endoparasitic
-no digestive system

123
Q

basic anatomy of tapeworms

A

non-ciliated tegument with a scolex with hooks and/or suckers, and a long ribbon-like body divided into proglottids

124
Q

scolex

A

head of tapeworms
-holds the worm in place inside the intestine of the vertebrate
-consists of a rostrum of backwards facing hooks, and a ring of suckers

125
Q

how are proglottids produced

A

-they are continually produced by asexual budding from the anterior end of the scolex (below the neck)

126
Q

how can mature proglottids be distinguished from immature proglottids?

A

the presence of the genital pore

127
Q

tapeworm reproduction

A

-hemaphroditic
-sexual and asexual reproduction

128
Q

how do sperm travel in tapeworms

A

-produced in the many testicles throughout the proglottid
-travel through the vas deferens to the genital chamber

129
Q

how do eggs travel in tapeworms

A

-produced in two large ovaries
-yolk, shell casings, and eggs travel through the oviduct into the uterus to be fertilized and stored
-when the fertilized eggs are ready to exit the proglottid, they travel from the uterus through the vagina into the genital chamber and out the genital pore

130
Q

what is a gravid proglottid

A

a distended uterus filled with fertilized eggs ready for release

131
Q

how do tapeworms infest humans

A

larva lang on plants which are eaten by the intermediate host
-encyst in the muscle of the intermediate host
-humans eat undercooked meat from the intermediate hosts and the larva grows into a new tapeworm within the intestines

132
Q

clades of Protostomes

A

Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa

133
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

share either an odd, horshoe-shaped feeding structure (lophophore) or a trochophore larva stage

134
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

has a cuticle that is shed as the body grows

135
Q

Phyla of protostome group

A

Nematoda, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Nematomorpha, and Gastrotricha

136
Q

what type of body cavity do Nematoda have

A

Zoology (11 decks)

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