Lab Exam 2 Flashcards
what level of organization are sponges on?
cellular level
do sponges have germ layers?
no
are sponges diploblastic or triploblastic?
neither
are adult sponges sessile or motile?
sessile
what type of symmetry to sponges have?
asymmetry
are sponges solitary or colonial?
either
where do sponges mostly live?
marine environments
how many cell types do sponges have?
four
how do sponges feed?
filter feeding
what are sponges’ skeletons made of?
spicules and/or spongin
four sponge cell types
pinacocytes, porocytes, chanocytes, and amoebocytes
what are pinacocytes?
thin, flat cells covering the outer surface of the sponge. they have the ability to contract and thus change the shape of the sponge
what are porocytes?
tire-shaped cells that channel water into the interior of the sponge
what are choanocytes?
flagellated cells that filter food from the water
what are amoebocytes?
mobile cells (within the mesohyl) that digest the food and deliver it to the other cells of the sponge. they also produce the spicules, spongin, and mesohyl of the skeleton. finally, they can undergo developmental changes and transform themselves into any other cell types the sponge needs
what cell drives the water through a sponge?
porocytes
what is the function of the pinacocytes?
contract and change the shape of the sponge
what is the function of the amoebocytes?
-digest food
-deliver food to other sponge cells
-produce spicules, spongin, and mesohyl of the skeleton
-undergo developmental changes and transform themselves into any other cell types the sponge needs
what cell type produces the spicules?
amoebocytes
chief characteristics of sponges
canal systems, unique skeletons, and internal organization
three primary sponge body types
asconoid canal system, syconoid canaly system, and leuconoid canal system
asconoid canal system
-the ascon sponge is a spongocoel lined with choanocytes, with a single osculum
-water enters the ostium, into the spongocoel, and out the osculum
spongocoel
hollow tube in a sponge
osculum
large opening in a sponge
syconoid canal system
-the sycon sponge has a tubular design similar to the ascon sponge, but the body is folded into radial canals lined with choanocytes
-complicated water flow system
how does water flow in syconoid canal systems?
howater enters via the dermal ostium, the incurrent canals, and through the prosopyle, , into the radial canal, and out the apopyle directly into the spongocoel and out the osculum
how does water flow in syconoid canal systems?
water enters via the dermal ostium, the incurrent canals, and through the prosopyle, , into the radial canal, and out the apopyle directly into the spongocoel and out the osculum
leuconoid canal system
-most complex
-body is folded multiple times to produce a series of chambers, lined with choanocytes, connected by internal canals
how does water flow in the leuconoid canal system?
water enters via the ostium, the incurrent canal, and through the prosopyle, into the flagellated chamber, and out the apopyle directly into the incurrent canal and out the numerous oscula
what is the purpose of the ostium?
to take water into the sponge
what is the function of the radial canal?
take water into the spongocoel in syconoids
what is the function of the osculum?
to release water
what class is Leucosolenia a part of?
class Calcarea
what phylum is class Calcarea a part of?
Porifera
mesohyl
a gelatinous matrix that fills a sponge that contains amoebocytes and spicules
what is an ostium
an incurrent pore made by the porocytes
osculum
large opening in the sponge
what is the function of the porocyte?
to form the ostium
what is the function of the mesohyl?
support the sponge
what are the spicules made of in Class Calcarea?
calcium carbonate
how do sponges reproduce?
both sexually and asexually
classes in Phylum Porifera
Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongia
classes of cnidarian
Hydrozoa, Schyphozoa, Anthozoa, Cubozos
common name of class Hydrozoa
hydras
common name of class Schyphozoa
true jellyfish
common name of class Anthozoa
sea anemones and coral
common name of class Cubozoa
box jellyfish
dominant form of hydras
polyp
what is the body wall of the
Hydra made of?
epidermis and gastrodermis, seperated by a middle noncellular layer called the mesoglea
what is the function of the mesoglea in Hydra
to act as an elastic skeleton that increases the flexibility of the animal
what is the gastrodermis made of
nutritive-muscular cells and gland cells for digestion
what is the function of the cnidocytes in Hydra?
stinging
what body type is the Hydra?
polyp
how many openings in the gastrovascular cavity of Hydra?
one
what is the area surrounding the mouth of the Hydra called?
hypostome
what class is Obelia in
Hydrozoa
what life cycle stages do Obelia have
polyp and medusa
how does a hydroid colony form in Obelia?
a free-swimming planula larva settles and attaches to a substrate
how many kinds of polyps are there on an Obelia colony
two: gonangia, and hydranths
what are hydranths
nutritive polyps
-can be recognized by vase shape and feeding tentacles
what are gonangia
reproductive polyps, where medusa buds grow inside them and develop into mature dioecious medusa that exit via the gonopore
-can be recognized by their club shape and lack of tentacles
hydrotheca
stem of hydranth
gonotheca
stem of gonangia
gonopore
the opening at the top of the gonangium where medusas leave
what does the Hydrozoa bell look like
umbrella-shaped with a velum
how are tentacles attached to the Hydrozoa?
with a tentacular bulb
where is the mouth opening in the Hydrozoa
the manubrium
where is the manubrium
hangs from the center of the oral surfacwe
where are the gonads
four sets of them radiate from the center to the margin of the bell
information about the gastrovascular cavity
it is under the gonads, and divides into four radial canals that, at the margin of the medusa, combine with the ring canal
how are Platyhelminthes flattened
dorsoventrally
symmetry of flatworms
bilateral and unsegmented
are Platyhelminthes cephalized
yes
are Platyhelminthes protostomes or deuterostomes
protostomes
are Platyhelminthes triploblastic or diploblastic
triploblastic
what type of body cavities do Platyhelminthes have
they are acoelomates
excretory system of Platyhelminthes
consists of flame cells and tubules for removing nitrigenous waste
complete or incomplete digestive system?
incomplete
how do Platyhelminthes reproduce
asexually through fragmentation and sexually involving several hosts
classes of Platyhelminthes
Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda
what class are Planarians in
Turbellaria
what are Planarians?
free-living flatworms found on the underside of rocks and sticks submerged in fresh water streams and ponds
what do Planarians eat
they are carnivorous, and engulf their prey through their muscular pharynx
how are planarians flattened
dorsoventrally
how do planarians see
with eyespots, which are light sensitive ocelli
what kind of digestive system do planarians have
incomplete: large gastrovascular cavity with many intestinal brances
where is the mouth located on planarians
in the middle of the body and the pharynx can be extended through the ventral mouth
how does food travel in planarians
sucked into the mouth by the pharynx and is sent into the intestine, which has one anterior trunk and two posterior trunks, one on each side of the pharynx
excretory system of planarians
consists of protonephridia and excretory canals
protonephridia
flame cells in planarians
nervous system of planarians
ladder-like; the brain consists of two ganglia surrounding the eyespots, connected to two lateral nerve cords running down the side of the flatworm with transverse nerves connecting the lateral cords
cross section of planarian
-epidermis surrounds flatworm, is ciliated on the ventral side
-circular muscles and longitudinal muscles inside epidermis
-parenchyma
-intestines
-pharynx in the middle, and the lumen of the pharynx
-nerve cords along the ventral surface
how do planarians reproduce asexually
transverse fission and regeneration
transverse fission
individual splits down the center from head to tail, forming two new individuals in the process
regeneration
produce a new individual when cut in half
sexual reproduction in planarians
flatworms insert sperm into the seminal receptacle via the penis, where it waits
-sperm then travels to the common genital atrium and fertilizes the eggs
are planarians monoecious or dioecious
monoecious
how does sperm travel through the planarians
-develops in the testes
-travels through the vans deferens to the sperm ducts, and into the penis bulb to be inserted into another flatworm
how do eggs travel through the planarians
develop in the two ovaries
-travel down through the oviducts, collecting yolk from the yolk glands as they pass
what happens to the fertilized eggs once fertilization occurs in the planarians?
they are surrounded by the yolk and a hard shell, then expelled out the ventral genital pore
what is the function of the flame cells in planarians
remove waste through filtration
what is the function of the parenchyma?
to fill the space between the organs
what symmetry is the flatworm?
bilateral
how many openings are there of the gastrovascular cavity in planarians
one
what is the function of the auricles
to contain many tactile and olfactory sense cells
what class are flukes in
Trematoda
what are flukes
vertebrate parasites that have three different hosts in their life cycle
-non-ciliated body that is leaflike or cylindrical in shape, usually with both oral and ventral suckers
tegument
covers flukes
where is the mouth located in flukes
in the oral sucker
where does the mouth lead in flukes
to the muscular pharynx, which then becomes the short esophagus that divides into two lateral branches (intestines) of the digestive system
excretory system of flukes
consists of two excretory ducts which connect to the single bladder
where is nitrogenous waste expelled in flukes
out of the ventral excretory pore
are flukes monoecious or dioecious
monoecious
where does sperm travel in flukes
-produced in large testicles
-travel through the vas deferens to the seminal vesicle, and out the genital pore in the middle of the ventral sucker
where do eggs travel in flukes
-produced in the single ovary, where they are fertilized and surrounded by a shell and sent to the uterus
-uterus is filled with fertilized eggs and exit out the genital pore
what disease do liver flukes cause
schistosomiasis
what animals are the intermediate hosts for flukes?
snails and fish
what animal is the definitive host for flukes?
humans
which stage is asexual for flukes?
miracidia larva stage, where they multiply into many tad-pole-like cercariea larvae
what does monoecious mean?
both the male and female reproductive organs are in the same organism
what class are tapeworms a part of
Cestoda
what kind of feeders are tapeworms
endoparasitic
-no digestive system
basic anatomy of tapeworms
non-ciliated tegument with a scolex with hooks and/or suckers, and a long ribbon-like body divided into proglottids
scolex
head of tapeworms
-holds the worm in place inside the intestine of the vertebrate
-consists of a rostrum of backwards facing hooks, and a ring of suckers
how are proglottids produced
-they are continually produced by asexual budding from the anterior end of the scolex (below the neck)
how can mature proglottids be distinguished from immature proglottids?
the presence of the genital pore
tapeworm reproduction
-hemaphroditic
-sexual and asexual reproduction
how do sperm travel in tapeworms
-produced in the many testicles throughout the proglottid
-travel through the vas deferens to the genital chamber
how do eggs travel in tapeworms
-produced in two large ovaries
-yolk, shell casings, and eggs travel through the oviduct into the uterus to be fertilized and stored
-when the fertilized eggs are ready to exit the proglottid, they travel from the uterus through the vagina into the genital chamber and out the genital pore
what is a gravid proglottid
a distended uterus filled with fertilized eggs ready for release
how do tapeworms infest humans
larva lang on plants which are eaten by the intermediate host
-encyst in the muscle of the intermediate host
-humans eat undercooked meat from the intermediate hosts and the larva grows into a new tapeworm within the intestines
clades of Protostomes
Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa
Lophotrochozoa
share either an odd, horshoe-shaped feeding structure (lophophore) or a trochophore larva stage
Ecdysozoa
has a cuticle that is shed as the body grows
Phyla of protostome group
Nematoda, Rotifera, Acanthocephala, Nematomorpha, and Gastrotricha
what type of body cavity do Nematoda have
