lecture exam 3

Question 1

long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated

Answer 1

skeletal muscle

Question 2

short, spindled, non-striated, uninucleated

Answer 2

smooth muscle

Question 3

short, branched, striated, uninucleated

Answer 3

cardiac muscle

Question 4

functions of skeletal muscle

Answer 4

Maintain body temperature,Produce skeletal movements,Guard body entrances and exits, Support soft tissues, Maintain posture and body position, Provide nutrient reserves

Question 5

Bundles of muscle fibers that are covered by the perimysium are known as

Answer 5

Fascicles

Question 6

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle cells is known as

Answer 6

Endomysium

Question 7

The cell membrane of a muscle cell that surrounds the sarcoplasm is known as the

Answer 7

Sarcolemma

Question 8

Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fibers that are made up of bundles of protein filaments

Answer 8

Myofibrils

Question 9

Thin filaments are made primarily of?

Answer 9

actin

Question 10

thick filaments are made primarily of ?

Answer 10

myosin

Question 11

Transmit action potential through cell and allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

Answer 11

T-tubules

Question 12

what are Cisternae responsible for?

Answer 12

Concentrating Ca2+ (via ion pumps) and releasing Ca2+ into sarcoplasm to begin muscle contraction

Question 13

strands of proteins that reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line and stabilize the filaments

Answer 13

Titin

Question 14

myosin filaments of muscle fibers slide past the troponin filaments during muscle contraction, while the two groups of filaments remain at relatively constant length

Answer 14

sliding filament theory

Question 15

The role of troponin within the myofilament is?

Answer 15

bind tropomysoin over active site

Question 16

The typical resting membrane potential is?

Answer 16

-70 mV

Question 17

Compared to the cytosol, the ECF is ___________ in Na+ and _____________________

Answer 17

Higher, slightly positive

Question 18

ATP can be generated from which precursors?

Answer 18

Creatine Phosphate, Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid, Glycogen, Fatty Acids

Question 19

Muscle hypertrophy can be characterized by?

Answer 19

Myofibril diameters increase, Muscle size increase

Question 20

Muscle atrophy can be characterized by?

Answer 20

Muscle size decrease, Muscle fiber death

Question 21

Rigor Mortis can be characterized by?

Answer 21

Depletion of ATP maintains actin – myosin cross-bridges, General muscle contraction following death

Question 22

Origins are?

Answer 22

fixed

Question 23

insertions are ?

Answer 23

moveable

Question 24

Chiefly responsible for a movement

Answer 24

agonist

Question 25

Assists to increase tension and/or stability

Answer 25

synergist

Question 26

Maintain position and control rapid movement

Answer 26

antagonist

Question 27

specialized contact points between cardiocytes that maintain structure, enhance molecular and electrical connections, and conduct action potentials

Answer 27

intercalated discs

Question 28

When compared to slow muscle fibers, fast muscle fibers have?

Answer 28

Large glycogen reserves and few mitochondria

Question 29

Muscles containing mostly fast fibers appear

Answer 29

White

Question 30

muscles containing mostly slow fibers appear?

Answer 30

Red

Question 31

tension rises until it exceeds the load so that the muscle shortens or lengthens

Answer 31

isotonic contractions

Question 32

methods by which muscles can return to their orignonal resting length

Answer 32

Gravity, Elastic forces, Opposing muscle contractions

Question 33

methods of ATP production that muscles utilize in the order from the least amount of amount of energy produced/number of twitches to the greatest amount of energy produced/number of twitches

Answer 33

Stored ATP, Use of creatine phosphate, From glycogen via the anaerobic pathways, From glycogen via aerobic pathways

Question 34

Muscle fatigue is associated with the following identifiers

Answer 34

Decreasing calcium ion binding to troponin, Muscle exhaustion and pain, Depletion of metabolic reserves

Question 35

A twitch can be defined as

Answer 35

A single stimulus-contraction-relaxation sequence

Question 36

graph pf twitch tension development

Answer 36

myogram

Question 37

the action potential moves through the sarcolema using calcium ions to be released

Answer 37

latent period

Question 38

calcium ion binds to troponin, tension builds to a peak

Answer 38

contraction phase

Question 39

calcium levels fall, active sites are covered, tension falls to resting levels

Answer 39

relaxation phase

Question 40

stair-step series of contractions with increasing tension

Answer 40

treppe

Question 41

a muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation

Answer 41

incomplete tetanus

Question 42

when stimulation rates are so rapid there is no time for a the muscle to relax

Answer 42

complete tetnus

Question 43

multiple nuclei

Answer 43

skeletal

Question 44

Filament organization is in sarcomeres along myofibrils

Answer 44

skeletal/cardiac

Question 45

SR is terminal cisternae in triads at the zones of overlap

Answer 45

skeletal

Question 46

Control is voluntary, at a single neuromuscular junction

Answer 46

skeletal

Question 47

Ca2+ released from the SR

Answer 47

skeletal

Question 48

Contraction is rapidly onset

Answer 48

skeletal

Question 49

Energy source derived from metabolism at moderate levels of activity and glycolysis

Answer 49

skeletal

Question 50

Mostly mononucleated

Answer 50

cardiac

Question 51

SR tubules contact T tubules at the Z lines

Answer 51

cardiac

Question 52

Involuntary (pacemaker cells)

Answer 52

cardiac

Question 53

Ca2+ sourced from extracellular fluid and released from the SR

Answer 53

cardiac/smooth

Question 54

Contractions onset slowly

Answer 54

cardiac/smooth

Question 55

Energy sourced from aerobic metabolism, derived from lipid or carbohydrate sources

Answer 55

cardiac

Question 56

Mononucleated

Answer 56

smooth

Question 57

Filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm

Answer 57

smooth

Question 58

SR is dispersed throughout the sarcoplasm and contains no T tubules

Answer 58

smooth

Question 59

nvoluntary (pacesetter cells)

Answer 59

smooth

Question 60

Energy derived from mostly from aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism during peak activity

Answer 60

smooth

Question 61

tension increases to peak but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

Answer 61

isomeric contractions