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anatomy > lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

lecture exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

long, cylindrical, striated, multinucleated

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

short, spindled, non-striated, uninucleated

A

smooth muscle

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3
Q

short, branched, striated, uninucleated

A

cardiac muscle

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4
Q

functions of skeletal muscle

A

Maintain body temperature,Produce skeletal movements,Guard body entrances and exits, Support soft tissues, Maintain posture and body position, Provide nutrient reserves

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5
Q

Bundles of muscle fibers that are covered by the perimysium are known as

A

Fascicles

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6
Q

The connective tissue sheath that surrounds individual muscle cells is known as

A

Endomysium

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7
Q

The cell membrane of a muscle cell that surrounds the sarcoplasm is known as the

A

Sarcolemma

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8
Q

Lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fibers that are made up of bundles of protein filaments

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

Thin filaments are made primarily of?

A

actin

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10
Q

thick filaments are made primarily of ?

A

myosin

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11
Q

Transmit action potential through cell and allow entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

A

T-tubules

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12
Q

what are Cisternae responsible for?

A

Concentrating Ca2+ (via ion pumps) and releasing Ca2+ into sarcoplasm to begin muscle contraction

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13
Q

strands of proteins that reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line and stabilize the filaments

A

Titin

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14
Q

myosin filaments of muscle fibers slide past the troponin filaments during muscle contraction, while the two groups of filaments remain at relatively constant length

A

sliding filament theory

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15
Q

The role of troponin within the myofilament is?

A

bind tropomysoin over active site

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16
Q

The typical resting membrane potential is?

A

-70 mV

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17
Q

Compared to the cytosol, the ECF is ___________ in Na+ and _____________________

A

Higher, slightly positive

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18
Q

ATP can be generated from which precursors?

A

Creatine Phosphate, Pyruvate/Pyruvic Acid, Glycogen, Fatty Acids

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19
Q

Muscle hypertrophy can be characterized by?

A

Myofibril diameters increase, Muscle size increase

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20
Q

Muscle atrophy can be characterized by?

A

Muscle size decrease, Muscle fiber death

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21
Q

Rigor Mortis can be characterized by?

A

Depletion of ATP maintains actin – myosin cross-bridges, General muscle contraction following death

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22
Q

Origins are?

A

fixed

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23
Q

insertions are ?

A

moveable

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24
Q

Chiefly responsible for a movement

A

agonist

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25
Q

Assists to increase tension and/or stability

A

synergist

26
Q

Maintain position and control rapid movement

A

antagonist

27
Q

specialized contact points between cardiocytes that maintain structure, enhance molecular and electrical connections, and conduct action potentials

A

intercalated discs

28
Q

When compared to slow muscle fibers, fast muscle fibers have?

A

Large glycogen reserves and few mitochondria

29
Q

Muscles containing mostly fast fibers appear

A

White

30
Q

muscles containing mostly slow fibers appear?

A

Red

31
Q

tension rises until it exceeds the load so that the muscle shortens or lengthens

A

isotonic contractions

32
Q

methods by which muscles can return to their orignonal resting length

A

Gravity, Elastic forces, Opposing muscle contractions

33
Q

methods of ATP production that muscles utilize in the order from the least amount of amount of energy produced/number of twitches to the greatest amount of energy produced/number of twitches

A

Stored ATP, Use of creatine phosphate, From glycogen via the anaerobic pathways, From glycogen via aerobic pathways

34
Q

Muscle fatigue is associated with the following identifiers

A

Decreasing calcium ion binding to troponin, Muscle exhaustion and pain, Depletion of metabolic reserves

35
Q

A twitch can be defined as

A

A single stimulus-contraction-relaxation sequence

36
Q

graph pf twitch tension development

A

myogram

37
Q

the action potential moves through the sarcolema using calcium ions to be released

A

latent period

38
Q

calcium ion binds to troponin, tension builds to a peak

A

contraction phase

39
Q

calcium levels fall, active sites are covered, tension falls to resting levels

A

relaxation phase

40
Q

stair-step series of contractions with increasing tension

A

treppe

41
Q

a muscle producing almost peak tension during rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation

A

incomplete tetanus

42
Q

when stimulation rates are so rapid there is no time for a the muscle to relax

A

complete tetnus

43
Q

multiple nuclei

A

skeletal

44
Q

Filament organization is in sarcomeres along myofibrils

A

skeletal/cardiac

45
Q

SR is terminal cisternae in triads at the zones of overlap

A

skeletal

46
Q

Control is voluntary, at a single neuromuscular junction

A

skeletal

47
Q

Ca2+ released from the SR

A

skeletal

48
Q

Contraction is rapidly onset

A

skeletal

49
Q

Energy source derived from metabolism at moderate levels of activity and glycolysis

A

skeletal

50
Q

Mostly mononucleated

A

cardiac

51
Q

SR tubules contact T tubules at the Z lines

A

cardiac

52
Q

Involuntary (pacemaker cells)

A

cardiac

53
Q

Ca2+ sourced from extracellular fluid and released from the SR

A

cardiac/smooth

54
Q

Contractions onset slowly

A

cardiac/smooth

55
Q

Energy sourced from aerobic metabolism, derived from lipid or carbohydrate sources

A

cardiac

56
Q

Mononucleated

A

smooth

57
Q

Filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm

A

smooth

58
Q

SR is dispersed throughout the sarcoplasm and contains no T tubules

A

smooth

59
Q

nvoluntary (pacesetter cells)

A

smooth

60
Q

Energy derived from mostly from aerobic metabolism and anaerobic metabolism during peak activity

A

smooth

61
Q

tension increases to peak but the muscle neither shortens nor lengthens

A

isomeric contractions

anatomy (13 decks)

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