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exam 3 urinary Flashcards

1
Q

removal of organic wastes from body fluids

A

excretion

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2
Q

discharge of waste products

A

elimination

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3
Q

blood volume/ pressure, electrolytes and solutes, pH balance

A

homeostatic regualtion

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4
Q

organs that eliminate urine

A

ureters, bladder, urethra

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5
Q

produce urine, regulate ion, water, pH and blood levels

A

kidneys

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6
Q

process of eliminating urine

A

micturition

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7
Q

functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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8
Q

sits more superior, retroperitoneal

A

left kidney

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9
Q

fibrous outer layer, anchors kidney to abdominal wall

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

layer of adipose tissue, keeps kidney in place

A

adipose capsule

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11
Q

covers outer surfaceof kidney

A

renal capsule

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12
Q

point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves

A

hilum

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13
Q

point of exit for renal vein and ureter

A

hilum

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14
Q

Internal cavity within kidney, Contains blood/lymph
vessels, nerves and adipose tissue

A

renal sinus

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15
Q

Bound to outer surface, Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves

A

renal capsule

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16
Q

outer, superficial portion of kidney, reddish brown and granular

A

renal cortex

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17
Q

parts of the cortex that extend into the medulla - separate adjacent renal pyramids

A

renal columns

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18
Q

Arranged into Renal pyramids - 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures of the medulla

A

renal medulla

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19
Q

Tips of medullary
pyramids - Project into renal sinus

A

renal papilla

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20
Q

nephron functions

A

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

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21
Q

Long tubular
passageway - Begins at Bowman’s
capsule and ends at
renal papilla

A

renal tubule

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22
Q

what are the two parts of the nephron?

A

renal tubule & renal corpuscle

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23
Q

Ball of capillaries
located in Nephron - Surrounded by Bowman’s Capsule

A

glomerulus

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24
Q

functions of the glomerulus

A

filtration of blood

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25
where does blood enter and exit in the glomerulus?
enter- afferent arteriole exit - efferent arteriole
26
-double layered structure that surrounds glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
27
Collects filtrate; sends filtrate through tubules of nephron
capsular space
28
four parts of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
29
most proximal portion of tubule, receives filtrate from Bowmans capsule, simple cuboidal epithelium microvilli,
proximal convoluted tubule
30
U-shaped portion of the tubule; Found primarily in the medulla
loop of henle
31
Coiled tube immediately following loop of Henle, Simple cuboidal lacking microvilli
distal convoluted tubule
32
Selective removal of water and small solutes from blood
filtration
33
Water, electrolytes, vitamins, nitrogenous wastes, glucose and other nutrients
contents of filtrate
34
Blood cells, large proteins and some negatively charged particles
substances not filtered
35
what 3 membranes does filtrate need to pass through before it gets to the nephron?
fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane, podocytes
36
Very porous; exclude RBCs
Fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus
37
Highly selective based on size and charge
basement membrane
38
Foot-like structures (pedicals) wrap around glomerulus; contain filtration slits
podocyte
39
Volume of filtrate generated by both kidneys every minute
glomerular filtration rate
40
Passes through afferent and efferent arterioles, Reabsorption largely based on Hormones
distal convoluted tubule
41
what is the purpose of secretion?
waste removal, ion/ electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
42
Helps regulate the function of the glomerulus by monitoring fluid in the tubules
juxtglomeruler apparatus (JGA)
43
Beginning of the DCT meets the afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerulus
location of JGA
44
what 3 cells forms the JGA?
macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, mesangial cells
45
Clusters of cells found in the Distal convoluted tubule
macula densa
46
what is the function of the macula densa?
Monitors fluid composition and adjusts filtration rate (GFR)
47
what is the function of Juxtaglomerular (JG) Cells?
Receive signals from macula densa; dilate or constrict arterioles according to needs, Release Renin, BP regulation
48
Cells between the glomerulus and afferent and efferent arterioles
mesangial cells
49
what is the function of mesangial cells?
Communicate with JG cells and macula densa, Structural support of glomerulus, Phagocytosis
50
Maximum amount of solute that can be reabsorbed by tubules
transport maximum
51
what determines renal threshold?
transport maximum
52
The plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine
renal threshold
53
Volume of filtrate generated by both kidneys every minute
glomerular filtration rate
54
what is glomerular filtration governed by?
hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure
55
Fluid pressure, 2 types in corpuscle
hydrostatic pressure
56
Substances in a solution
colloid osmotic pressure
57
Blood pressure in glomerular capillaries
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
58
Opposes glomerular hydrostatic pressure, Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate into plasma
capsular hydrostatic pressure
59
the ability of solutes to draw water across a membrane
osmotic pressure
60
Osmotic pressure resulting from the presence of suspended proteins
blood Colloid osmotic pressure
61
The average pressure forcing water and dissolved materials, Out of glomerulus and into capsular spaces
filtration pressure
62
Maintains GFR despite changes in local blood pressure and blood flow
renal autoregulation
63
Triggers of Renin- Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Decline in blood pressure at glomerulus, Fall in systemic pressure, Stimulation of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells by sympathetic innervation
64
effects of angiotensin II
Increase in systemic blood volume and blood pressure
65
2 types of Natriuretic Peptides released by the heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
66
Dilation of afferent arterioles; constriction of efferent arterioles, Decrease reabsorption of Na+, Inhibit ADH and Renin
effects of natriuretic peptides
67
exchange between tubular fluids moving in opposite directions
Countercurrent Multiplier
68
Benefits of Countercurrent Multiplication
Efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water, Establishes concentration gradient, Urine is concentrated
69
The chemical and physical analysis of urine, Used to evaluate renal function
urinalysis
70
High blood sugar (Glucose) levels
Glycosuria
71
Common in diabetes; Results in acidosis
Ketonuria
72
Pus (WBCs); kidney infection
Pyuria
73
RBCs; Bleeding, infection, tumors, or trauma
Hematuria
74
Bile pigments; due to liver damage
Bilirubinuria
75
Bacterial infections
Nitrites
76
Any substance that increases excretion of water and salts from body
diuretics
77
Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder
ureters
78
layers of the ureters
mucosa, muscularis, adventivia
79
Temporarily stores urine until micturition
bladder
80
layers of the bladder
mucosa, muscularis, adventivia, peritoneum
81
Openings of 2 ureters and 1 urethra
trigone
82
Small tube from bladder to exterior of body
urethra
83
3 layers of the female urethra
Mucosa, Middle layer of spongy tissue, outer muscular coa
84
2 layers of the male urethra
Mucous membrane and muscularis
85

anatomy (13 decks)

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