exam 3 urinary Flashcards
removal of organic wastes from body fluids
excretion
discharge of waste products
elimination
blood volume/ pressure, electrolytes and solutes, pH balance
homeostatic regualtion
organs that eliminate urine
ureters, bladder, urethra
produce urine, regulate ion, water, pH and blood levels
kidneys
process of eliminating urine
micturition
functional units of the kidney
nephrons
sits more superior, retroperitoneal
left kidney
fibrous outer layer, anchors kidney to abdominal wall
renal fascia
layer of adipose tissue, keeps kidney in place
adipose capsule
covers outer surfaceof kidney
renal capsule
point of entry for renal artery and renal nerves
hilum
point of exit for renal vein and ureter
hilum
Internal cavity within kidney, Contains blood/lymph
vessels, nerves and adipose tissue
renal sinus
Bound to outer surface, Stabilizes positions of ureter, renal blood vessels, and nerves
renal capsule
outer, superficial portion of kidney, reddish brown and granular
renal cortex
parts of the cortex that extend into the medulla - separate adjacent renal pyramids
renal columns
Arranged into Renal pyramids - 6 to 18 distinct triangular structures of the medulla
renal medulla
Tips of medullary
pyramids - Project into renal sinus
renal papilla
nephron functions
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
Long tubular
passageway - Begins at Bowman’s
capsule and ends at
renal papilla
renal tubule
what are the two parts of the nephron?
renal tubule & renal corpuscle
Ball of capillaries
located in Nephron - Surrounded by Bowman’s Capsule
glomerulus
functions of the glomerulus
filtration of blood
where does blood enter and exit in the glomerulus?
enter- afferent arteriole
exit - efferent arteriole
-double layered structure that surrounds glomerulus
Bowmans capsule
Collects filtrate; sends
filtrate through tubules of
nephron
capsular space
four parts of the renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
most proximal portion of tubule, receives filtrate from Bowmans capsule, simple cuboidal epithelium microvilli,
proximal convoluted tubule
U-shaped portion of the
tubule; Found primarily
in the medulla
loop of henle
Coiled tube immediately following
loop of Henle, Simple cuboidal lacking microvilli
distal convoluted tubule
Selective removal of
water and small solutes
from blood
filtration
Water, electrolytes,
vitamins, nitrogenous
wastes, glucose and
other nutrients
contents of filtrate
Blood cells, large
proteins and some
negatively charged
particles
substances not filtered
what 3 membranes does filtrate need to pass through before it gets to the nephron?
fenestrated endothelium of glomerulus, basement membrane, podocytes
Very porous; exclude RBCs
Fenestrated endothelium of
glomerulus
Highly selective based on
size and charge
basement membrane
Foot-like structures (pedicals)
wrap around glomerulus;
contain filtration slits
podocyte
Volume of filtrate generated
by both kidneys every
minute
glomerular filtration rate
Passes through afferent and
efferent arterioles, Reabsorption largely based on Hormones
distal convoluted tubule
what is the purpose of secretion?
waste removal, ion/ electrolyte balance, acid-base balance
Helps regulate the function of
the glomerulus by monitoring
fluid in the tubules
juxtglomeruler apparatus (JGA)
Beginning of the DCT meets the afferent and efferent arterioles and the glomerulus
location of JGA
what 3 cells forms the JGA?
macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells, mesangial cells
Clusters of cells found
in the Distal convoluted
tubule
macula densa
what is the function of the macula densa?
Monitors fluid
composition and
adjusts filtration rate
(GFR)
what is the function of Juxtaglomerular (JG) Cells?
Receive signals from macula densa; dilate or constrict arterioles according to needs, Release Renin, BP regulation
Cells between the
glomerulus and afferent
and efferent arterioles
mesangial cells
what is the function of mesangial cells?
Communicate with JG cells and macula densa, Structural support of glomerulus, Phagocytosis
Maximum amount of solute
that can be reabsorbed by
tubules
transport maximum
what determines renal threshold?
transport maximum
The plasma concentration at
which a specific compound or ion begins to appear in urine
renal threshold
Volume of filtrate generated by both
kidneys every minute
glomerular filtration rate
what is glomerular filtration governed by?
hydrostatic pressure, colloid osmotic pressure
Fluid pressure, 2 types in corpuscle
hydrostatic pressure
Substances in a solution
colloid osmotic pressure
Blood pressure in
glomerular capillaries
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Opposes glomerular
hydrostatic pressure, Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate
into plasma
capsular hydrostatic pressure
the ability
of solutes to draw water
across a membrane
osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
resulting from the
presence of
suspended proteins
blood Colloid osmotic pressure
The average pressure
forcing water and dissolved
materials, Out of glomerulus and into capsular spaces
filtration pressure
Maintains GFR despite
changes in local blood
pressure and blood
flow
renal autoregulation
Triggers of Renin-
Angiotensin-Aldosterone
Decline in blood pressure at glomerulus, Fall in systemic pressure, Stimulation of juxtaglomerular (JG) cells by
sympathetic innervation
effects of angiotensin II
Increase in systemic
blood volume and
blood pressure
2 types of Natriuretic Peptides released by the heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide
(ANP), Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
Dilation of afferent arterioles;
constriction of efferent
arterioles, Decrease reabsorption of Na+, Inhibit ADH and Renin
effects of natriuretic peptides
exchange
between tubular fluids
moving in opposite
directions
Countercurrent Multiplier
Benefits of Countercurrent
Multiplication
Efficiently reabsorbs solutes and water, Establishes concentration gradient, Urine is concentrated
The chemical and physical
analysis of urine, Used to evaluate renal function
urinalysis
High blood sugar (Glucose) levels
Glycosuria
Common in diabetes; Results in acidosis
Ketonuria
Pus (WBCs); kidney infection
Pyuria
RBCs; Bleeding, infection, tumors, or trauma
Hematuria
Bile pigments; due to liver damage
Bilirubinuria
Bacterial infections
Nitrites
Any substance that increases
excretion of water and salts from
body
diuretics
Transport urine from kidneys
to the bladder
ureters
layers of the ureters
mucosa, muscularis, adventivia
Temporarily stores urine
until micturition
bladder
layers of the bladder
mucosa, muscularis, adventivia, peritoneum
Openings of 2 ureters
and 1 urethra
trigone
Small tube from bladder to
exterior of body
urethra
3 layers of the female urethra
Mucosa, Middle layer of spongy tissue, outer muscular coa
2 layers of the male urethra
Mucous membrane and
muscularis
