lab practical 1 Flashcards
posterior
towards the back
anterior
towards the front
proximal
towards point of origin
distal
away from point of origin
lateral
away from midline
medial
toward midline
superior
toward the head
inferior
away from head toward the tail
superficial
towards the skins surface
deep
further away from the surface
cranial cavity
brain
vertebral cavity
spinal cord
plural cavity
surrounds lungs
pericardial cavity
sounds heart
abdominal cavity
abdominal viscera
pelvic cavity
reproductive, urinary, digestive organs
peritoneal cavity
abdominal and lymphatic organs
right upper quadrant
liver, pancreas, gallbladder, duodenum, transverse colon
right lower quadrant
small intestine, ascending colon, appendix, urinary bladder
left upper quadrant
liver, stomach, spleen, pancreas, transverse colon
left lower quadrant
small intestine, descending colon, urinary bladder
hypertonic
higher solute outside, higher water inside, water moves out and cell shrinks
isotonic
equal solute, equal water, no net movement,
hypotonic
higher solute inside, higher water outside, water moves IN, cell swells
simple squamous
consists of a single layer of flat cells with a centrally located, flattened nucleus.
simple cuboidal epithelium
short and have a spherical, central nucleus.
simple columnar epithelium
spherical nuclei generally located near the base of the cell.
psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
looks as if it has many cell layers but actually has only one layer of cells
Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
consists of epithelial cells called keratinocytes that produce the protein keratin. flaky looking cells
Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
contains no keratin and is located in places subject to lesser degrees of mechanical stress, such as the oral cavity, the pharynx, the anus, and the vagina
Transitional epithelium
the apical or surface cells are dome-shaped, but when the tissue is stretched, they flatten and are squamous in appearance.
loose areolar connective tissue
gives it a “loose” appearance on a slide
reticular connective tissue
consists of many reticular fibers produced by cells
adipose tissue
consists mostly of huge cells called adipocytes with collagen fibers in the ECM. Each adipocyte contains a large lipid droplet that occupies most of its cytoplasm.
dense regular collagenous tissue
collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles with little ground substance and few cells.
dense irregular collagenous tissue
bundles of collagen fibers. Collagen bundles are arranged in an irregular, haphazard fashion without a consistent pattern.
dense elastic connective tissue
elastic fibers arranged in parallel bundles.
hyaline cartilage
chondrocytes scattered in ground substance with few visible protein fibers. smooth, glassy appearance
fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage tough and extremely strong but not very smooth
elastic cartilage
ECM that is filled with elastic fibers that allow it to stretch and recoil.
skeletal muscle tissue
long, tubular, and striated in appearance
cardiac muscle tissue
located in the heart, are short, wide, striated, and tend to be branching
smooth muscle tissue
flat with a single nucleus in the center of the cell
neurons
responsible for sending and receiving messages within the nervous system
stratum corneum
Outermost layer of keratinocytes (sometimes called the “horny layer”)
stratum luicidum
The cells of this layer are flattened, densely packed, largely devoid of organelles, and filled with the proteins keratin and keratohyalin.
stratum granulosum
These cells become flattened, the plasma membrane becomes less permeable, and the organelles deteriorate.
stratum spinosum
“spiny layer”, refers to the fact that the cells look like miniature pincushions in standard histological sections.
stratum basale
The deepest epidermal layer consisting of a single row of basal cells, or germinative cells, that are undergoing rapid mitotic divisions
papillary layer
contains the capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and sensory neurons that supply the surface of the skin.
reticular layer
interwoven meshwork of dense irregular connective tissue containing both collagen and elastic fibers.
hypodermis
Separates skin from deeper structures.
Stabilizes position of skin relative to underlying tissues
eccrine sweat glands
palms, soles of the feet and forehead.
appocrine sweat glands
release secretions into sweat glands
ceruminous glands
Modified Apocrine glands that line the external ear canal and secrete a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen.
mammary glands
Specialized Apocrine sweat gland that secretes milk
cranial
head
frontal
forehead
orbital
eye
nasal
nose
buccal
cheek
otic
ear
oral
mouth
occipital
base of skull
nuchal
back of neck
mental
chin
cervical
C1-C7
acromial
shoulder
scapular
shoulder blade
sternal
sternum
thoracic
upper middle back
axillary
arm pit
mammary
breast
brachial
bicep
antecubital
front elbow
vertebral
spine
abdominal
stomach
umbilical
belly button
antibrachial
forearm
carpal
wrist
manual
back of hand
palmer
palm
digital
fingers
pelvic
pelvis
lumbar
lower back
gluteal
butt
inguinal
hip crease below pelvic
pubic
above genitals
femoral
femur
patellar
knee
popliteal
back of knee
crural
shin
sural
calf
tarsal
7 bones top of the foot
calcaneal
back of foot
plantar
heel
