exam 3 Flashcards
gas exchange, ATP, mucous membranes, speech, pH balance, smell, valsalva maneuver, blood pressure regulation, venous and lymph flow, dissolution of blood clots
functions of respiratory system
organs of the head and neck (nose through larynx)
upper respiratory tract
organs of the thoracic cavity (trachea through lungs)
lower respiratory tract
nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles - no gas exchange
conducting structures
respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - gas exchange
respiratory structures
Tiny air-filled
pockets within
the lungs where
all gas exchange
takes place
Alveoli
tissue layers of the respiratory mucosa
psuedostratified epithelium, lamina propria
lamina propira
loose connective tissue under epithelia
divides nasal cavity into left and right
nasal spetum
superior portion of the nasal cavity - sense of smell
olfactory region
3 folds of tissue on lateral wall of nasal cavity - cleanse, warm, humidify
conchae/ turbinates
narrow air passages beneath each conchae
meatus
forms floor of nasal cavity - maxilla and palatine bones - separates nasal and oral cavities
hard palate
extends posterior from hard palate - divides nasopharynx from oropharynx
soft palate
from posterior nasal cavity to larynx/ esophagus - throat
pharynx
three regions of the throat
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
superior portion of the pharynx, psuedostratified epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tubes
nasopharynx
middle, stratified squamous epithelium, communicates with oral cavity, palatine and lingual tonsils
oropharynx
inferior, stratified squamous epithelium, hyoid bone to entrance of larynx, beginning of esophagus
laryngopharynx
voice box, keeps food/water out of airway, sound production
larynx
Adams apple, hyaline cartilage, forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx,
thyroid cartilage
vestibular fold, vocal fold
folds of the thyroid cartilage
what forms the Adams apple?
laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage
inferior to the thyroid cartilage, connects larynx to trachea, posterior portion of larynx
cricoid cartilage
composed of elastic cartilage, diverts food/ water away from airway
epiglottis
swallowing procedure
Support and protect
the glottis and the
entrance to trachea
thyroid and cricoid functions
larynx is elevated, epiglottis folds back over glottis
epiglottis function during swallowing
sound production at the larynx
phonation
modification of sound by other structures (lip, tongue, cheeks)
articulation
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
respiration
The mechanical drawing in and expelling out air via breathing.
ventilation
false vocal folds, superior, cover glottis during swallowing
vestibular folds
“true” vocal folds, inferior, sound production
vocal folds
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
small cartilage of the larynx
opening and closing of glottis, production of sound
arytenoid/ corniculate cartilage
how is sound varied?
muscles move arytenoid cartilage and creates tension in the vocal cords
control vocal folds, open and close glottis
intrinsic muscles
connect larynx to hyoid, elevate larynx during swallowing
extrinsic muscles
what tissue lines the trachea?
ciliated psuedostratified epithelium
extends from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum, branches into right and left primary bronchi
trachea
what tissue lines the mucocilia escalator?
psuedostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells and cilia
separated by carina
R/L primary bronchi
larger in diameter, depends at a steeper angle
right bronchus
bronchi, nerves, vessels, lymphatics enter lung
hilus
3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior - separated by horizontal and oblique fissures
right lung
2 lobes - superior and inferior - separated by one oblique fissure
left lung
wider, displaced, upward by liver
right lung
longer, displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch
left long
double layered serous membrane that surrounds lungs
plural cavities
what are the pleural cavities separated by?
mediastinum
space between pleura, lubricated with fluid
plural cavity
prevents spread of infection
compartmentalization
lower pressure assists lung inflation
pressure gradient
After primary bronchi enter lungs, they begin
branching extensively
bronchial tree
branch to form secondary bronchi (lobar) - 1 secondary bronchus goes to each lobe
primary bronchi
branch to form tertiary bronchi (segmental)
secondary bronchi
branch into bronchioles - tertiary bronchus supplies air to single bronchopulmonary segment
tertiary bronchi
tubes that bring air in and out of lungs
function of bronchi
no cartilage, smooth muscle, 1mm or less in diameter
bronchioles
end of conducting division, ciliated
terminal bronchioles
begin respiratory division, dived into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
respiratory bronchioles
Dilation of bronchial airways, Relaxation of smooth muscle
bronchodilation
reduces resistance, increases airflow
sympathetic ANS activatio
constricts bronchi, contraction of smooth muscle
bronchoconstriction
Inflammation of
bronchial mucous
membranes
bronchitis
Excessive inflammation
and bronchoconstriction
asthama
Tiny air-filled
pockets within
the lungs where
all gas exchange
takes place
alveoli
main site for gas exhchange
alveoli
delicate, thin, simple squamous epithelium, lines exchange surfaces of alveoli
alveolar epithelium
walls of alveoli, thin, delicate, 95% of alveolar surface area
type 1 alveolar epithelium
“great alveolar”, secrete surfactant. repair damaged epithelium
type 2 alveolar epithelum
dust cells, monitor alveolar environment, engulf particles and pathogens
macrophages
coats the surface of alveoli, contains phospholipids and proteins
surfactant
prevents alveoli from collapsing, reduces surface tension
surfactant
difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse, type 2 cells do not produce enough surfactant
respiratory distress
3 parts of the respiratory membrane
epithelium, endothelium, basement membrane
go back to blood supply and gas exchange!
inflammation of the alveoli
pneumonia
type of COPD that breaks down the alveolar walls
emphysema
Produce mucus that bathes
exposed surfaces
goblet cells/ mucus glands
sweep debris trapped in
mucus toward the pharynx, “Mucociliary escalator
cillia
Nasal cavity removes large
particles
filtration
Engulf small particles that
reach lungs
alveolar macrophages
Exchange O2 and CO2
with the environment i.e.
at the alveoli (lungs)
external respiration
cellular respiration, Uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within
individual cells
internal respiration
one cycle of inspiration and expiration
pulmonary ventilation
across respiratory membrane
gas diffusion
between alveolar capillaries
transport O2 and CO2
loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows lungs to recoil and collapse
pneumothorax
collapsed lung
atelectasis
stiffens thoracic cage, increases diameter
intercostals
used in forced inspiration
Pectoralis minor,
Sternocleidomastoid and Erector
Spinae muscles
forced expiration
Abdominals and Latissimus dorsi
Volume of air remaining
in conducting passages
anatomical dead space
Anatomical dead space
+ any alveolar dead
space caused by a
physiological condition
physiological dead space
number of breaths per minute
respiratory rate
volume of air moved per breath
tidal volume
amount of air reaching alveoli each minute
alveolar ventilation
does increasing tidal volume increase or decrease alveolar ventilation rate?
increase
does increasing respiratory rate increase or decrease alveolar ventilation?
increase
total amount air that can be inhaled and exhaled
spirometry
air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort
expiratory reserve volume
air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort
inspiratory reserve volume
air remaining in alveoli after maximal exhalation
residual volume
total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after max inspiration
vital capacity
max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
inspiratory capacity
expiratory reserve volume + residual volume
functional residual capacity
maximum amount of air lungs can hold
total lung capacity
occurs between blood and alveolar air across the respiratory membrane
gas exchange
