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anatomy > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

gas exchange, ATP, mucous membranes, speech, pH balance, smell, valsalva maneuver, blood pressure regulation, venous and lymph flow, dissolution of blood clots

A

functions of respiratory system

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2
Q

organs of the head and neck (nose through larynx)

A

upper respiratory tract

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3
Q

organs of the thoracic cavity (trachea through lungs)

A

lower respiratory tract

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4
Q

nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles - no gas exchange

A

conducting structures

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5
Q

respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - gas exchange

A

respiratory structures

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6
Q

Tiny air-filled
pockets within
the lungs where
all gas exchange
takes place

A

Alveoli

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7
Q

tissue layers of the respiratory mucosa

A

psuedostratified epithelium, lamina propria

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8
Q

lamina propira

A

loose connective tissue under epithelia

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9
Q

divides nasal cavity into left and right

A

nasal spetum

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10
Q

superior portion of the nasal cavity - sense of smell

A

olfactory region

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11
Q

3 folds of tissue on lateral wall of nasal cavity - cleanse, warm, humidify

A

conchae/ turbinates

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12
Q

narrow air passages beneath each conchae

A

meatus

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13
Q

forms floor of nasal cavity - maxilla and palatine bones - separates nasal and oral cavities

A

hard palate

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14
Q

extends posterior from hard palate - divides nasopharynx from oropharynx

A

soft palate

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15
Q

from posterior nasal cavity to larynx/ esophagus - throat

A

pharynx

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16
Q

three regions of the throat

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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17
Q

superior portion of the pharynx, psuedostratified epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tubes

A

nasopharynx

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18
Q

middle, stratified squamous epithelium, communicates with oral cavity, palatine and lingual tonsils

A

oropharynx

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19
Q

inferior, stratified squamous epithelium, hyoid bone to entrance of larynx, beginning of esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

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20
Q

voice box, keeps food/water out of airway, sound production

A

larynx

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21
Q

Adams apple, hyaline cartilage, forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx,

A

thyroid cartilage

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22
Q

vestibular fold, vocal fold

A

folds of the thyroid cartilage

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23
Q

what forms the Adams apple?

A

laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

inferior to the thyroid cartilage, connects larynx to trachea, posterior portion of larynx

A

cricoid cartilage

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25
Q

composed of elastic cartilage, diverts food/ water away from airway

A

epiglottis

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26
Q

swallowing procedure

A
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27
Q

Support and protect
the glottis and the
entrance to trachea

A

thyroid and cricoid functions

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28
Q

larynx is elevated, epiglottis folds back over glottis

A

epiglottis function during swallowing

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29
Q

sound production at the larynx

A

phonation

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30
Q

modification of sound by other structures (lip, tongue, cheeks)

A

articulation

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31
Q

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

respiration

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32
Q

The mechanical drawing in and expelling out air via breathing.

A

ventilation

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33
Q

false vocal folds, superior, cover glottis during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

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34
Q

“true” vocal folds, inferior, sound production

A

vocal folds

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35
Q

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

A

small cartilage of the larynx

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36
Q

opening and closing of glottis, production of sound

A

arytenoid/ corniculate cartilage

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37
Q

how is sound varied?

A

muscles move arytenoid cartilage and creates tension in the vocal cords

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38
Q

control vocal folds, open and close glottis

A

intrinsic muscles

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39
Q

connect larynx to hyoid, elevate larynx during swallowing

A

extrinsic muscles

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40
Q

what tissue lines the trachea?

A

ciliated psuedostratified epithelium

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41
Q

extends from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum, branches into right and left primary bronchi

A

trachea

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42
Q

what tissue lines the mucocilia escalator?

A

psuedostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells and cilia

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43
Q

separated by carina

A

R/L primary bronchi

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44
Q

larger in diameter, depends at a steeper angle

A

right bronchus

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45
Q

bronchi, nerves, vessels, lymphatics enter lung

A

hilus

46
Q

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior - separated by horizontal and oblique fissures

A

right lung

47
Q

2 lobes - superior and inferior - separated by one oblique fissure

A

left lung

48
Q

wider, displaced, upward by liver

A

right lung

49
Q

longer, displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch

A

left long

50
Q

double layered serous membrane that surrounds lungs

A

plural cavities

51
Q

what are the pleural cavities separated by?

A

mediastinum

52
Q

space between pleura, lubricated with fluid

A

plural cavity

53
Q

prevents spread of infection

A

compartmentalization

54
Q

lower pressure assists lung inflation

A

pressure gradient

55
Q

After primary bronchi enter lungs, they begin
branching extensively

A

bronchial tree

56
Q

branch to form secondary bronchi (lobar) - 1 secondary bronchus goes to each lobe

A

primary bronchi

57
Q

branch to form tertiary bronchi (segmental)

A

secondary bronchi

58
Q

branch into bronchioles - tertiary bronchus supplies air to single bronchopulmonary segment

A

tertiary bronchi

59
Q

tubes that bring air in and out of lungs

A

function of bronchi

60
Q

no cartilage, smooth muscle, 1mm or less in diameter

A

bronchioles

61
Q

end of conducting division, ciliated

A

terminal bronchioles

62
Q

begin respiratory division, dived into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

A

respiratory bronchioles

63
Q

Dilation of bronchial airways, Relaxation of smooth muscle

A

bronchodilation

64
Q

reduces resistance, increases airflow

A

sympathetic ANS activatio

65
Q

constricts bronchi, contraction of smooth muscle

A

bronchoconstriction

66
Q

Inflammation of
bronchial mucous
membranes

A

bronchitis

67
Q

Excessive inflammation
and bronchoconstriction

A

asthama

68
Q

Tiny air-filled
pockets within
the lungs where
all gas exchange
takes place

A

alveoli

69
Q

main site for gas exhchange

A

alveoli

70
Q

delicate, thin, simple squamous epithelium, lines exchange surfaces of alveoli

A

alveolar epithelium

71
Q

walls of alveoli, thin, delicate, 95% of alveolar surface area

A

type 1 alveolar epithelium

72
Q

“great alveolar”, secrete surfactant. repair damaged epithelium

A

type 2 alveolar epithelum

73
Q

dust cells, monitor alveolar environment, engulf particles and pathogens

A

macrophages

74
Q

coats the surface of alveoli, contains phospholipids and proteins

A

surfactant

75
Q

prevents alveoli from collapsing, reduces surface tension

A

surfactant

76
Q

difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse, type 2 cells do not produce enough surfactant

A

respiratory distress

77
Q

3 parts of the respiratory membrane

A

epithelium, endothelium, basement membrane

78
Q

go back to blood supply and gas exchange!

A
79
Q

inflammation of the alveoli

A

pneumonia

80
Q

type of COPD that breaks down the alveolar walls

A

emphysema

81
Q

Produce mucus that bathes
exposed surfaces

A

goblet cells/ mucus glands

82
Q

sweep debris trapped in
mucus toward the pharynx, “Mucociliary escalator

A

cillia

83
Q

Nasal cavity removes large
particles

A

filtration

84
Q

Engulf small particles that
reach lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

85
Q

Exchange O2 and CO2
with the environment i.e.
at the alveoli (lungs)

A

external respiration

86
Q

cellular respiration, Uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within
individual cells

A

internal respiration

87
Q

one cycle of inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

88
Q

across respiratory membrane

A

gas diffusion

89
Q

between alveolar capillaries

A

transport O2 and CO2

90
Q

loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows lungs to recoil and collapse

A

pneumothorax

91
Q

collapsed lung

A

atelectasis

92
Q

stiffens thoracic cage, increases diameter

A

intercostals

93
Q

used in forced inspiration

A

Pectoralis minor,
Sternocleidomastoid and Erector
Spinae muscles

94
Q

forced expiration

A

Abdominals and Latissimus dorsi

95
Q

Volume of air remaining
in conducting passages

A

anatomical dead space

96
Q

Anatomical dead space
+ any alveolar dead
space caused by a
physiological condition

A

physiological dead space

97
Q

number of breaths per minute

A

respiratory rate

98
Q

volume of air moved per breath

A

tidal volume

99
Q

amount of air reaching alveoli each minute

A

alveolar ventilation

100
Q

does increasing tidal volume increase or decrease alveolar ventilation rate?

A

increase

101
Q

does increasing respiratory rate increase or decrease alveolar ventilation?

A

increase

102
Q

total amount air that can be inhaled and exhaled

A

spirometry

103
Q

air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

A

expiratory reserve volume

104
Q

air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

A

inspiratory reserve volume

105
Q

air remaining in alveoli after maximal exhalation

A

residual volume

106
Q

total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after max inspiration

A

vital capacity

107
Q

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

A

inspiratory capacity

108
Q

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

A

functional residual capacity

109
Q

maximum amount of air lungs can hold

A

total lung capacity

110
Q

occurs between blood and alveolar air across the respiratory membrane

A

gas exchange

111
Q
A

anatomy (13 decks)

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