exam 3 Flashcards by shannon diaz

gas exchange, ATP, mucous membranes, speech, pH balance, smell, valsalva maneuver, blood pressure regulation, venous and lymph flow, dissolution of blood clots

functions of respiratory system

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organs of the head and neck (nose through larynx)

upper respiratory tract

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organs of the thoracic cavity (trachea through lungs)

lower respiratory tract

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nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles - no gas exchange

conducting structures

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respiratory bronchioles and alveoli - gas exchange

respiratory structures

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Tiny air-filled
pockets within
the lungs where
all gas exchange
takes place

Alveoli

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tissue layers of the respiratory mucosa

psuedostratified epithelium, lamina propria

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lamina propira

loose connective tissue under epithelia

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divides nasal cavity into left and right

nasal spetum

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superior portion of the nasal cavity - sense of smell

olfactory region

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3 folds of tissue on lateral wall of nasal cavity - cleanse, warm, humidify

conchae/ turbinates

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narrow air passages beneath each conchae

meatus

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forms floor of nasal cavity - maxilla and palatine bones - separates nasal and oral cavities

hard palate

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extends posterior from hard palate - divides nasopharynx from oropharynx

soft palate

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from posterior nasal cavity to larynx/ esophagus - throat

pharynx

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three regions of the throat

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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superior portion of the pharynx, psuedostratified epithelium, pharyngeal tonsils and auditory tubes

nasopharynx

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middle, stratified squamous epithelium, communicates with oral cavity, palatine and lingual tonsils

oropharynx

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inferior, stratified squamous epithelium, hyoid bone to entrance of larynx, beginning of esophagus

laryngopharynx

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voice box, keeps food/water out of airway, sound production

larynx

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Adams apple, hyaline cartilage, forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx,

thyroid cartilage

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vestibular fold, vocal fold

folds of the thyroid cartilage

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what forms the Adams apple?

laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage

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inferior to the thyroid cartilage, connects larynx to trachea, posterior portion of larynx

cricoid cartilage

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composed of elastic cartilage, diverts food/ water away from airway

epiglottis

swallowing procedure

Support and protect the glottis and the entrance to trachea

thyroid and cricoid functions

larynx is elevated, epiglottis folds back over glottis

epiglottis function during swallowing

sound production at the larynx

phonation

modification of sound by other structures (lip, tongue, cheeks)

articulation

the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

respiration

The mechanical drawing in and expelling out air via breathing.

ventilation

false vocal folds, superior, cover glottis during swallowing

vestibular folds

"true" vocal folds, inferior, sound production

vocal folds

arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

small cartilage of the larynx

opening and closing of glottis, production of sound

arytenoid/ corniculate cartilage

how is sound varied?

muscles move arytenoid cartilage and creates tension in the vocal cords

control vocal folds, open and close glottis

intrinsic muscles

connect larynx to hyoid, elevate larynx during swallowing

extrinsic muscles

what tissue lines the trachea?

ciliated psuedostratified epithelium

extends from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum, branches into right and left primary bronchi

trachea

what tissue lines the mucocilia escalator?

psuedostratified epithelium w/ goblet cells and cilia

separated by carina

R/L primary bronchi

larger in diameter, depends at a steeper angle

right bronchus

bronchi, nerves, vessels, lymphatics enter lung

hilus

3 lobes - superior, middle, inferior - separated by horizontal and oblique fissures

right lung

2 lobes - superior and inferior - separated by one oblique fissure

left lung

wider, displaced, upward by liver

right lung

longer, displaced leftward by the heart forming the cardiac notch

left long

double layered serous membrane that surrounds lungs

plural cavities

what are the pleural cavities separated by?

mediastinum

space between pleura, lubricated with fluid

plural cavity

prevents spread of infection

compartmentalization

lower pressure assists lung inflation

pressure gradient

After primary bronchi enter lungs, they begin branching extensively

bronchial tree

branch to form secondary bronchi (lobar) - 1 secondary bronchus goes to each lobe

primary bronchi

branch to form tertiary bronchi (segmental)

secondary bronchi

branch into bronchioles - tertiary bronchus supplies air to single bronchopulmonary segment

tertiary bronchi

tubes that bring air in and out of lungs

function of bronchi

no cartilage, smooth muscle, 1mm or less in diameter

bronchioles

end of conducting division, ciliated

terminal bronchioles

begin respiratory division, dived into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

respiratory bronchioles

Dilation of bronchial airways, Relaxation of smooth muscle

bronchodilation

reduces resistance, increases airflow

sympathetic ANS activatio

constricts bronchi, contraction of smooth muscle

bronchoconstriction

Inflammation of bronchial mucous membranes

bronchitis

Excessive inflammation and bronchoconstriction

asthama

Tiny air-filled pockets within the lungs where all gas exchange takes place

alveoli

main site for gas exhchange

alveoli

delicate, thin, simple squamous epithelium, lines exchange surfaces of alveoli

alveolar epithelium

walls of alveoli, thin, delicate, 95% of alveolar surface area

type 1 alveolar epithelium

"great alveolar", secrete surfactant. repair damaged epithelium

type 2 alveolar epithelum

dust cells, monitor alveolar environment, engulf particles and pathogens

macrophages

coats the surface of alveoli, contains phospholipids and proteins

surfactant

prevents alveoli from collapsing, reduces surface tension

surfactant

difficult respiration due to alveolar collapse, type 2 cells do not produce enough surfactant

respiratory distress

3 parts of the respiratory membrane

epithelium, endothelium, basement membrane

go back to blood supply and gas exchange!

inflammation of the alveoli

pneumonia

type of COPD that breaks down the alveolar walls

emphysema

Produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces

goblet cells/ mucus glands

sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx, “Mucociliary escalator

cillia

Nasal cavity removes large particles

filtration

Engulf small particles that reach lungs

alveolar macrophages

Exchange O2 and CO2 with the environment i.e. at the alveoli (lungs)

external respiration

cellular respiration, Uptake of O2 and production of CO2 within individual cells

internal respiration

one cycle of inspiration and expiration

pulmonary ventilation

across respiratory membrane

gas diffusion

between alveolar capillaries

transport O2 and CO2

loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows lungs to recoil and collapse

pneumothorax

collapsed lung

atelectasis

stiffens thoracic cage, increases diameter

intercostals

used in forced inspiration

Pectoralis minor, Sternocleidomastoid and Erector Spinae muscles

forced expiration

Abdominals and Latissimus dorsi

Volume of air remaining in conducting passages

anatomical dead space

Anatomical dead space + any alveolar dead space caused by a physiological condition

physiological dead space

number of breaths per minute

respiratory rate

volume of air moved per breath

tidal volume

amount of air reaching alveoli each minute

alveolar ventilation

does increasing tidal volume increase or decrease alveolar ventilation rate?

increase

does increasing respiratory rate increase or decrease alveolar ventilation?

increase

total amount air that can be inhaled and exhaled

spirometry

air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

expiratory reserve volume

air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

inspiratory reserve volume

air remaining in alveoli after maximal exhalation

residual volume

total amount of air that can be exhaled with effort after max inspiration

vital capacity

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

inspiratory capacity

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

functional residual capacity

maximum amount of air lungs can hold

total lung capacity

occurs between blood and alveolar air across the respiratory membrane

gas exchange