lecture exam 2 Flashcards
simple fracture
breaks cleanly, dosent penetrate skin
compound fracture
broken ends of bone protrude through skin
transverse fracture
perpendicular to the long axis of a bone
linear fracture
parallelle to the long axis of a bone
non-displaced fracture
bone ends retain position
displaced fracture
bone ends are out of normal alignment
comminuted fracture
bone fragments in many places
compression fracture
bone crushed from upward and downward forces
spiral fracture
excessive twisting of the bone
greenstick fracture
breaks incompletely. only happens in children
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle that isn’t 90 degrees
bones are responsible for the formation of calcium
false
leafy geen vegetables are a good source of vitamin K
true
what kind of relationship does bone process remodeling exhibit?
negative
when blood calcium levels are too low what is released and from where ?
parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone
when blood calcium levels are too high what cells secrete calcitonin and from where?
C-cells, thyroid gland
pituitary growth failure
inadequate production of growth hormone leading to reduced epiphyseal cartilage activity
Achondroplasia
abnormal hyaline cartilage development
marfan syndrome
very tall with long, slender limbs due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates
gigantism
Results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty
acromegaly
Result from too much growth hormone after the epiphyseal plates close so that the bones do not grow longer but instead get thicker
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva
deposition of bone around skeletal muscles and the normally soft tissue of the body
Paget’s Disease
Overactive osteoclasts cause pores and weakening of the long bones leading to bending/bowing
consists of 80 bones
axial skeleton
consists of 126 bones
appendicular skeleton
includes the bones of the skull, chest, and vertebral column
axial
lower limbs, pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pectoral girdle
apendicular skeleton
how does the make pelvis differ from the female pelvis
Lesser pelvic cavity is longer and narrower,Pelvic inlet is heart-shaped,Thicker and heavier, Pelvic outlet is small,Subpubic angle is less than 70 degrees
The bones of the newborn skull are not fully ossified and are separated by large areas called?
Fontanelles
The function of fontanelles is to?
Allow for continued growth of the skull after birth in newborns
carpal tunnel
compression of the median nerve traveling through the wrist
Scoliosis
abnormal lateral bending of the vertebral column
Kyphosis
excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column
Lordosis
excessive curvature in the lumbar region of the vertebral column
Osteoporosis
disorder that causes the gradual loss of bone density and strength
Herniated Intervertebral Disc
protrusion of the nucleus pulposus and compression of spinal nerve
Clubfoot
infants foot is turned inward so bottom of the foot faces sideways or upwards
a place of movement where two or more bones meet
joint
synarthrotic
fixed joint
amphiarthrotic
slightly moveable
diarthrotic
freely moveable
suture
synarthrotic. located between bones of the skull
Synostosis
synarthrotic. two bones fuse and the boundary between then dissapears
Syndesmosis
amphiarthrotic. connected by interosseous ligaments
Gomphosis
synarthroic. peg in socket . tooth
Synchondrosis
rigid, hyaline cartilage that unites bones
Symphysis
articulating bones that are separated by a wedge or pad of fibrocartilage
Joint cavity
space between articulating bones
Articular cartilages
line surface of articulating bones. composed of hyaline cartilage, lack perichondrium
Synovial fluid
derived from blood and has a clear, viscous egg-white consistency
Joint capsule
Layers of dense fibrous connective tissues that enclose the synovial cavity to house the synovial fluid.
Fibrous capsule
Support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints
Bursa
small, fluid filled pocket that forms in connective tissue
Fat pads
adipose tissue covered by a layer of synovial membrane
Meniscus
fibrous cartilage situated between opposing bones within a synovial joint
functions of synovial fluid
nutrient distribution, lubrication, shock absorption
If you were doing jumping jacks, describe the type of movement occurring as your finger come together and your legs move apart.
Abduction
The main function of a fibrous joint
Provide stability between two bones.
Could a fibrous joint perform its functions if it were a diarthrosis?
No, the primary function of a fibrous joint is to provide stability between two bones. A diarthrosis is a freely moveable joint and so has very little stability. A fibrous joint that was a diarthrosis could therefore not effectively perform its function
