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anatomy > cardiovascular > Flashcards

cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

a single contraction of the heart

A

heartbeat

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2
Q

Create and propagate electrical
signals; “pacemaker cell”

A

specialized conducting cells

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3
Q

99% of all cardiocytes, Perform contractions
Cardiac Muscle and the Heartbeat

A

contractile cells

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4
Q

Allows the heart to maintain a regular rhythm

A

cardiac conduction system

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5
Q

“pacemaker” electrical sygnal that causes heartbeat originates within heart

A

myogenic

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6
Q

regular, spontaneous, depolarization

A

autorhythmic

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7
Q

modify heart beat

A

extrinsic nerves

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8
Q

cardiac nerves, directly to ventricular myocardium, spinal cord to cardiac nerves

A

sympathetic nerves

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9
Q

vagus nerve, slows heart rate to 70-80bpm

A

parasympathetic nerves

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10
Q

right vagal nerve to SA node, left vagal nerve to AV node

A

parasympathetic nerves

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11
Q

initiates heartbeat, sets heart rate

A

SA node

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12
Q

receives signals from SA, electrical gateway to ventricles

A

AV node

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13
Q

pathway for signals from AV node

A

AV bundle

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14
Q

divisions of AV bundle that enter inter ventricular septum

A

Bundle branches

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15
Q

spread signals throughout ventricles

A

purkinje fibers

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16
Q

travels at 1m/ sec through atria; reaches AV node

A

SA node

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17
Q

slows signals to 0.05 m/sec

A

AV node

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18
Q

-90 mv

A

resting potential

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19
Q

electrical signal causes NA+ to enter cardiocyte, voltage becomes more positive

A

depolarization

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20
Q

+30 mV

A

voltage peak

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21
Q

causes a more sustained, longer contraction in heart muscle, allows heart to fully expel blood

A

plateau phase

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22
Q

k+ exits cell, voltage becomes more negative

A

depolarization

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23
Q

cause contraction of heart, stimulated by electrical signals from conduction system, different from AP’s in skeletal muscle

A

action potential in cardiocytes

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24
Q

heart contraction

A

systole

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25
Q

heart relaxation

A

diastole

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26
Q

abnormally slow heart rate

A

bradycardia

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27
Q

abnormally fast heart rate

A

tachycardia

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28
Q

abnormal cardiac rhythm due to heart block, bundle block or total blockage

A

arrhythmia

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29
Q

caused by hypoxia, electrolyte imbalance, stimulants, stress

A

premature ventricular contraction

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30
Q

region of spontaneous firing

A

ectopic foci

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31
Q

measures electrical activity of the heart

A

ECG

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32
Q

SA node fires (atrial depolarization)

A

P wave

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33
Q

delay at AV node

A

PR segment

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34
Q

ventricular depolarization, also atrial depolarization but signal is obscured

A

QRS complex

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35
Q

ventricular systole

A

ST segment

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36
Q

ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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37
Q

from start of atrial depolarization to start of QRS complex

A

P-R interval

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38
Q

from ventricular depolarization to ventricular repolarization

A

Q-T interval

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39
Q

SA node fires; atrial depolarization begins

A

P wave

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40
Q

delay at AV node, allows ventricles to fill with blood

A

P-R segment

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41
Q

beginning of atrial depolarization to beginning of ventricle depolarization

A

P-R interval

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42
Q

ventricular depolarization

A

QRS wave

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43
Q

ventricular systole

A

S-T segment

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44
Q

rapid, fluttering, contractions, no pumping

A

fibrillation

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45
Q

period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next

A

cardiac cycle

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46
Q

pressure of the blood against walls of blood vessels

A

blood pressure

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47
Q

BP rises

A

systole

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48
Q

BP falls

A

diastole

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49
Q

AV valves open, blood flows from a triangle to ventricles (passively fill with blood)

A

rapid ventricular filling and diastasis

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50
Q

contraction of atria, remains blood in atria is ejected into ventricles (active filling)

A

atrial systole

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51
Q

atrial systole ends, pressure in ventricles rise, AV valves close (Lub)

A

isovolumetric ventricular contraction

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52
Q

ventricular systole ends, blood is ejected from ventricles

A

ventricular ejection

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53
Q

valves close (dup)

A

ventricular relaxation

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54
Q

total volume of blood in one ventricle following relaxation

A

end-diastolic volume (EDV)

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55
Q

volume of blood ejected from ventricle

A

stroke volume (SV)

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56
Q

amount of blood remaining in one ventricle flowing ejection

A

end-systolic volume (ESV)

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57
Q

EDV (130) - ESV (60) =?

A

SV (70 ml)

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58
Q

70ml

A

SV

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59
Q

30 ml

A

passive filling

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60
Q

40ml

A

atrial systole

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61
Q

60 ml

A

ESV

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62
Q

listening to heart sounds via stethoscope

A

auscultation

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63
Q

sound caused by closing of the AV valves

A

S1

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64
Q

sounds caused by the closing of the semilunar valves

A

S2

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65
Q

faint sound associated with blood flowing into the ventricles

A

S3

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66
Q

faint sound associated with atrial contraction

A

S4

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67
Q

movement and force generated by cardiac contractions

A

cardiodynamics

68
Q

volume pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

69
Q

number of beats per minute

A

heart rate

70
Q

heart rate X Stroke volume =

A

cardiac output

71
Q

affects heart rate and stroke volume indirectly

A

autonomic nervous sytem

72
Q

where do cardiac centers affect heart rate

A

medulla oblongata

73
Q

change in movement; activity HR rides before metabolic demands arise

A

proprioceptors

74
Q

monitor blood pressure, aorta and internal carotid arteries

A

barorecptors

75
Q

pH, CO2, oxygen, aortic arch, carotid arteries and medulla oblongata

A

chemoreceptors

76
Q

potent cardiac stimulants

A

neurotransmitters

77
Q

amount of tension in ventricles due to blood entering the heart

A

preload

78
Q

ventricles eject as. such blood as they receive

A

frank-starling law

79
Q

how hard the myocardium contracts

A

inotropy

80
Q

tubes made of connective tissue and smooth muscle that transport blood through the body

A

blood vessels

81
Q

carry blood away from heart

A

arteries

82
Q

smallest branches of arteries

A

arterioles

83
Q

exchange of gases and nutrients b/t blood and tissue

A

capillaries

84
Q

collect blood from capillaries

A

venules

85
Q

return blood to heart

A

veins

86
Q

carries blood from right ventricle to pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary trunk/ arteries

87
Q

carries blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation

A

aorta

88
Q

small, thin, chemical and gases diffuse across walls

A

capillaries

89
Q

tonica intima, media, externa

A

layers of arteries and veins

90
Q

endothelium, simple squamous epithelium

A

tunica intima

91
Q

smooth muscle, constriction and dilation

A

tunica media

92
Q

loose connective tissue, passageways for nerves and lymph vessels

A

tunica externa

93
Q

exposed to higher BP, thicker walls, elastic, smaller lumen

A

arteries

94
Q

valves, thin walls, large lumen, expand easily

A

veins

95
Q

enlarging of vessel, relaxation of arterial smooth muscle

A

vasodilation

96
Q

narrowing or vessel, contraction of arterial smooth muscle by ANS

A

vasoconstriction

97
Q

pulmonary, aorta, carotid, tunica media

A

conducting arteries

98
Q

femoral, renal, splenic, smooth muscle

A

distributing arteries

99
Q

a bulge in an arterial wall

A

aneurysm

100
Q

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

A

3 types of capillaries

101
Q

tight junctions, intercellular clefts, blood cells cannot pass,

A

continuous capillaries

102
Q

filtration pores in endothelial lining, rapid exchange, kidneys, intestines, choroid plexus

A

fenestrated capillaries

103
Q

gap between endothelial cells, permit free exchange, liver

A

sinusoids

104
Q

interconnected network of capillaries

A

capillary beds

105
Q

metarterioles, arteriovenous anastomoses

A

capillary beds

106
Q

ring of smooth muscles that controls flow of blood through capillaries

A

pre-capillary sphincter

107
Q

collect blood from capillary beds

A

venules

108
Q

contains valves, most have names (brachial, saphenous, radial)

A

medium veins

109
Q

vena cava, jugular, renal, pulmonary,

A

large veins

110
Q

blood returning to heart through veins

A

venous return

111
Q

lower BP, more blood volume and gravity push blood backwards in veins

A

skeletal muscle pump

112
Q

excess pooling of blood causing stretching of veins

A

varicose veins

113
Q

relationship between blood volume and blood pressure

A

capacitance

114
Q

maintenance of capillary blood flow in tissues and organs

A

hemodynamics

115
Q

amount of blood flowing through a tissue in a given time

A

blood flow

116
Q

rate of blood flow per given mass of tissue

A

perfusion

117
Q

specifically, peripheral BP

A

blood pressure

118
Q

abnormally high BP

A

hypertension

119
Q

abnormally low BP

A

hypotension

120
Q

keep blood moving during diastole

A

arterial walls

121
Q

expansion and recoil maintains steady flow of blood

A

arterial elasticity

122
Q

histamine, Bradykinin, NO, prostacylin

A

vasoactive chemicals

123
Q

growth of new vessels

A

angiogenesis

124
Q

baroreflexes, chemoreflexes, medullary ischemic reflexes

A

autonomic reflexes

125
Q

pro hormone produced by liver

A

angiotensinogen

126
Q

released in response to low BP

A

renin

127
Q

promotes Na+ and water retention

A

aldosterone

128
Q

movement of gases, nutrients and waste across capillary walls

A

capillary exchange

129
Q

any state where cardiac output insufficient to meet metabolic needs

A

circulatory shock

130
Q

inadequate pumping of heart

A

cardiogenic shock

131
Q

low blood volume (trauma, burns, dehydration)

A

hypovelmic shock

132
Q

poor circulation, extreme dilation

A

vascular shock

133
Q

toxins trigger vasodilation and raise capillary permeability

A

septic shock

134
Q

obstructed venous return (tumor/aneurysm)

A

low venous return

135
Q

blood to and from the lungs

A

pulmonary circut

136
Q

blood to and from the rest of the body

A

systemic circut

137
Q

serous membrane that covers heart

A

epicardium

138
Q

smooth inner lining of the heart

A

endocardium

139
Q

attachment for cardiac muscles

A

myocardium

140
Q

transfer electrical signals between cells

A

gap junctions

141
Q

hold cells together

A

desmosomes

142
Q

receive blood returning to the heart

A

R/L atrium

143
Q

pump blood out of the heart and into arteries

A

R/L ventricles

144
Q

between right atrium and right ventricle

A

tricuspid valves

145
Q

between left atrium and left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve

146
Q

control flow into great arteries

A

semilunar valves

147
Q

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

148
Q

between left ventricle and aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

149
Q

hardened, even calcified, does not close correctly

A

stenosis

150
Q

connect AV valves to papillary muscles

A

chordae tendineae

151
Q

attach chordae tendinaea; prevent prolapse of AV valves

A

papillary muscles

152
Q

muscular ridges in ventricles

A

trabeculae carnae

153
Q

muscular ridges in atria

A

pectinate muscles

154
Q

receives deoxygenated blood from body and heart

A

right atrium

155
Q

blood from head, neck, upper limbs, chest

A

superior vena cava

156
Q

blood from trunk, viscera, lower limbs

A

inferior vena cava

157
Q

blood returns from heart tissue

A

coronary sinus

158
Q

receives blood from right atrium

A

right ventricle

159
Q

receives oxygenated blood from lungs

A

left atrium

160
Q

receives oxygenated blood from left atrium and sends oxygenated blood to aorta

A

left ventricle

161
Q

sends oxygenated blood through entire body

A

aorta

162
Q

great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein

A

major veins of the heart

163
Q

low supply of nutrients

A

ischemia

164
Q

low supply of O2

A

hypoxia

165
Q

cell death

A

infarct

anatomy (13 decks)

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