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Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture Chapters 12 and 13 > Flashcards

Lecture Chapters 12 and 13 Flashcards

Nervous System

1
Q

What are the branches of structural Organization of the Nervous System?

A

Central and Peripheral

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2
Q

What are the branches of Functional Organization of the Nervous System?

A
  • Sensory (Input)
    • Somatic and Visceral
  • Motor (Output)
    • Somatic and Autonomic
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3
Q

What are the structural classification of neurons?

A

Multipolar Neuron

Bipolar Neuron

Unipolar Neuron

Anaxonic Neuron

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4
Q

Which neurons are unipolar?

A

Sensory Receptors

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5
Q

Which neurons are anaxonic?

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

Which type of neurons are afferent?

A

Sensory (ascending)

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7
Q

Which type of neurons are efferent?

A

Motor (descending)

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8
Q

What is the relation (in numbers) between neurons and glial cells?

A

Glial cells outnumber neurons 10:1

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9
Q

What do astrocytes do/have?

A

Perivascular Feet

Blood-Brain Barrier

Calcium Reservoir

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10
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

Allow nutrients to enter the brain

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11
Q

What do microglial cells do?

A

Macrophages in the brain (Pathogen-killing)

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12
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Mylenates Axons within the brain and spinal cord

MS attacks these cells

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13
Q

What do neurolemmocytes do?

A

Myelinate axons in the PNS

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14
Q

What do satellite cells in the PNS do?

A

Electrically insulate cell bodies

Regulate nutrient and waste exchange

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15
Q

What is resting membrane potential determined by?

A

Unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
Inability of most anions to leave the cells
Na+K+ ATPases (sodium-potassium pump)

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16
Q

What are the four segments of a neuron?

A

Receptive

Initial

Conductive

Transmissive

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17
Q

What kind of response do ionotropic receptors induce?

A

Open channels

Direct Response

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18
Q

What kind of response do metabotropic receptors induce?

A

Indirect action

G-protien signaling

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19
Q

What is the type of circuit involved in a reflex?

A

Parallel-After-Discharge circuit

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20
Q

What enzymes synthesize and degrade ACh?

A

Synthesized by enzyme choline acetyltransferase

Degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter is involved with anxiety?

A

Decreased GABA activity

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22
Q

Which neurotransmitters are cetecholamines (adreniline)?

A

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

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23
Q

Which neurotransmitters are Indolamines (Pleasurable Activities)?

A

Serotonin

Histamines

24
Q

Which neurotransmitters are Neuropeptides?

A

Substance P (pain)

Endorphines (natural opiates)

Gut-brain peptides (somatostatin and cholecytokinin)

25
Q

When does gastrolation occur in a fetus?

A

21 days after fertilization

26
Q

What gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord?

A

The neural tube

27
Q

What is anencephaly, and what is the prognosis?

A

Missing large amounts of brain tissue

Stillbrith or neonatal death

28
Q

What is encephalocoele, and what is the prognosis?

A

Brain material outside of the cranial cavity

High mortality rate from meningitis

29
Q

What is spina bifida cystica, and what is the prognosis?

A

Failure of closure of the neural tube in the caudal region, resulting in protruding spinal cord

Often accompanied by hydrocephaly

Variable levels of disability, but treatable

30
Q

What is microcephaly, and what is it caused by?

A

Small cranial cavity

Zika virus

31
Q

What is the most common type of brain cancer, and what cells does it affect?

A

Malignant Glioma

Astrocytes

32
Q

What is the other name for neurolemmocytes?

A

Schwann Cells

33
Q

What are the two mylenation defects, and where in the nervous system do they occur?

A

MS: CNS

Buillain Barre Syndrome: PNS

34
Q

How do microglia function?

A

Moving to the area needing attention (macrophaging)

35
Q

What axons can regenrate?

A

PNS axons, but it depends on amount of damage, and distance from structure it innervates

36
Q

What are the steps in axon regeneration?

A
  • Axon severed
  • Proximal end sealed off by membrane fusion
  • Neurilemma and endoneurium form
  • Axon regenerated at 2-5mm per day
  • Innervation restored
37
Q

When is the inactivation of Na+ channels?

A

During the refractory period

38
Q

What kinds of channels are on the different segments of neurons?

A
  • Receptive: chemically-gated channels, production of graded potentials, K+ and Cl-
  • Initial: axon hillock: voltage-gated Na+ and K+
  • Conductive: voltage-gated Na+ and K+
  • Transmissive: Ca2+ pump and voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
39
Q

What are postsynaptic potentials?

A

Graded potentials in postsynaptic neurons

40
Q

What does the degree of change in the RMP depend on?

A

Amount of neurotransmitter bound

41
Q

What is spacial summation?

A

Multiple Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations

42
Q

What is temporal Summation?

A

Single Presynaptic neuron repreatedly releases neurotransmitter at one location

43
Q

A new drug has been discovered (a competitive agonist) that binds with higher affinity and resultls in stronger activation of metabotropic ACh receptors on the receptive segment of a neuron. Which results could be seen because of the drug?

A

1) Potassium Channels Opening
2) G protein activation
4) Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

44
Q

When does spina bifida occur?

A

21 days

45
Q

What cells produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

46
Q

What is the Chiari malformation?

A

Cerebellum “sucked down” into the spinal cavity due to spina bifida

47
Q

What are cerebral (basal) nuclei?

A
  • Distinct masses of grey matter in each cerebral hemisphere
  • Tracts of cerebral white matter
48
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Intellect, complex learning, recall, personality, ability to anticipate consequences of events

49
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

50
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

Homeostasis

51
Q

What is the cause of SAD

A

Irregular hypothalamus function

52
Q

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

A

Fluidity of movement

53
Q

What is the main function of the limbic system?

A

Emotion

54
Q

What is the main function of the reticular formation?

A

Focus on a specific conversation in a crowded room

55
Q

What are the folds of the cerebellar cortex called?

A

Folia

56
Q

The cerebellum is the ____ largest part of the brain.

A

Second

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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