Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Lecture Chapter 2 + 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Chapter 2 + 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four most common elements in the human body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (then calcium, then phosphorus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

Sharing of electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three types of hydrocarbon skeletons?

A

Straight chain, branched chain, ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does Oxygen do in most molecules?

A

Creates a negative charge in that location, making the molecule polar.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What charge does Nitrogen have?

A

Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Charge-attraction bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the term for when, in a molecule, one side is polar, and the other side is nonpolar?

A

Amphipathic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a kind of molecule with a polar side and a non-polar side, and which is which?

A

Phospholipids (carbon chain side is nonpolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a liposome?

A

Artificial membrane often used in drug delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many ions does the sodium-potassium pump move of each ion?

A

Three sodium ions out for two potassium ions in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What percentage of human cells are made up of water?

A

60%-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the seven properties of water, biochemically?

A 
o	Regulates body temperature
o	Universal Solvent
o	Cushions 
o	Transports
o	Lubricates
o	High surface tension
o	Neutral pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pH of blood?

A

Between 7.35 and 7.45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What organs regulate pH?

A

Kidneys, lungs, and buffers in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three types of mixtures?

A

Suspension, Colloid, Solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the properties of a suspension?

A

Large solutes or cells that scatter light and settle if mixture is not in motion (blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the properties of a colloid?

A

Scatter Light but do not settle (gelatin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the properties of a solution?

A

Do not scatter light or settle.(soda)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the properties of an emulsion?

A

Made up of polar and nonpolar substances, blend together for a short time when agitated (oil and water)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What element do organic compounds contain?

A

Carbon (CO and CO2 are not organic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What four things do/can organic compounds include?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Chain of similar units (monomers are building blocks)

23
Q

How are polymers synthesized?

A

Dehydration synthesis (build polymers by releasing a water molecule)

24
Q

How are polymers broken down?

A

Hydrolysis reaction (addition of a water molecule to break the bond)

25
Q

What is the structure of Triglyceride(-lipids)?

A

Three hydrocarbon chains

26
Q

What is the structure of phospholipids?

A

Two hydrocarbon chains

27
Q

What is the structure of steroid(-lipids)?

A

Four rings with a carbon chain

28
Q

What is the structure of Eicostanoid(-lipids)?

A

Single ring with carbon chains

29
Q

What is the function of lipoproteins?

A

Allow interaction with plasma membrane

30
Q

What are the primary nutrients for supplying energy to cells?

A

Carbohydrates

31
Q

What are the properties of enzymes?

A

Highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls

32
Q

What are proteins in respect to amino acids?

A

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

33
Q

What is a good analogy for amino acids and proteins?

A

Cooking ingredients

34
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another

35
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every time energy is transformed, some of that energy is converted to heat

36
Q

What do drugs effect?

A

Metabolic Pathways

37
Q

What is the suffix for enzymes?

A

-ase

38
Q

How many enzymes are in the citric acid cycle?

A

At least 8

39
Q

What are the starting and ending products of the citric acid cycle?

A

Pyruvate is converted into to 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

40
Q

What are the three major steps of the electron transport system?

A

Electron carriers, H+ up its concentration gradient, H+ down its concentration gradient – turning ADP into ATP

41
Q

What is the lipid that is most common in living things?

A

Triglycerides

42
Q

Molarity is the measurement for the number of moles per _____ of solution

A

Liter

43
Q

What subatomic particles are consistent among isotopes?

A

Protons and Electrons

44
Q

What molecules can be organized as polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

45
Q

Prostaglanids and leukotrines are examples of lipids called _____.

A

eicosanoids

46
Q

What molecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

47
Q

What is the nitrogenous base of ATP?

A

Adenine

48
Q

What are the inner folds of a mitochondrion called?

A

Cristae

49
Q

What are the four stages of glucose oxidation?

A

Glycolysis, Intermediate, Citric acid cycle, electron transport system

50
Q

What molecules are involved in glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH

51
Q

What molecules are involved in the intermediate stage?

A

2 NADH

52
Q

What molecules are involved in the citric acid cycle?

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

53
Q

What are the two pathways to ATP production?

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

54
Q

What is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation?

A

Fatty acids and proteins

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions