Lecture Chapter 2 + 3 Flashcards
What are the four most common elements in the human body?
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (then calcium, then phosphorus)
What is covalent bonding?
Sharing of electrons
What are the three types of hydrocarbon skeletons?
Straight chain, branched chain, ring
What does Oxygen do in most molecules?
Creates a negative charge in that location, making the molecule polar.
What charge does Nitrogen have?
Positive
What are hydrogen bonds?
Charge-attraction bonds
What is the term for when, in a molecule, one side is polar, and the other side is nonpolar?
Amphipathic
What is a kind of molecule with a polar side and a non-polar side, and which is which?
Phospholipids (carbon chain side is nonpolar)
What is a liposome?
Artificial membrane often used in drug delivery
How many ions does the sodium-potassium pump move of each ion?
Three sodium ions out for two potassium ions in
What percentage of human cells are made up of water?
60%-80%
What are the seven properties of water, biochemically?
o Regulates body temperature o Universal Solvent o Cushions o Transports o Lubricates o High surface tension o Neutral pH
What is the pH of blood?
Between 7.35 and 7.45
What organs regulate pH?
Kidneys, lungs, and buffers in the blood
What are the three types of mixtures?
Suspension, Colloid, Solution
What are the properties of a suspension?
Large solutes or cells that scatter light and settle if mixture is not in motion (blood)
What are the properties of a colloid?
Scatter Light but do not settle (gelatin)
What are the properties of a solution?
Do not scatter light or settle.(soda)
What are the properties of an emulsion?
Made up of polar and nonpolar substances, blend together for a short time when agitated (oil and water)
What element do organic compounds contain?
Carbon (CO and CO2 are not organic)
What four things do/can organic compounds include?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
What is a polymer?
Chain of similar units (monomers are building blocks)
How are polymers synthesized?
Dehydration synthesis (build polymers by releasing a water molecule)
How are polymers broken down?
Hydrolysis reaction (addition of a water molecule to break the bond)
What is the structure of Triglyceride(-lipids)?
Three hydrocarbon chains
What is the structure of phospholipids?
Two hydrocarbon chains
What is the structure of steroid(-lipids)?
Four rings with a carbon chain
What is the structure of Eicostanoid(-lipids)?
Single ring with carbon chains
What is the function of lipoproteins?
Allow interaction with plasma membrane
What are the primary nutrients for supplying energy to cells?
Carbohydrates
What are the properties of enzymes?
Highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls
What are proteins in respect to amino acids?
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
What is a good analogy for amino acids and proteins?
Cooking ingredients
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every time energy is transformed, some of that energy is converted to heat
What do drugs effect?
Metabolic Pathways
What is the suffix for enzymes?
-ase
How many enzymes are in the citric acid cycle?
At least 8
What are the starting and ending products of the citric acid cycle?
Pyruvate is converted into to 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2
What are the three major steps of the electron transport system?
Electron carriers, H+ up its concentration gradient, H+ down its concentration gradient – turning ADP into ATP
What is the lipid that is most common in living things?
Triglycerides
Molarity is the measurement for the number of moles per _____ of solution
Liter
What subatomic particles are consistent among isotopes?
Protons and Electrons
What molecules can be organized as polymers?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
Prostaglanids and leukotrines are examples of lipids called _____.
eicosanoids
What molecules are polymers?
Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins
What is the nitrogenous base of ATP?
Adenine
What are the inner folds of a mitochondrion called?
Cristae
What are the four stages of glucose oxidation?
Glycolysis, Intermediate, Citric acid cycle, electron transport system
What molecules are involved in glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH
What molecules are involved in the intermediate stage?
2 NADH
What molecules are involved in the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
What are the two pathways to ATP production?
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
What is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation?
Fatty acids and proteins
