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CANS 301 > Lecture 9 Readings > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Readings Flashcards

1
Q

social networks and the likelihood of volunteering

A

Social networks increase the likelihood of both formal and informal volunteering

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2
Q

social trust and human capital and the likelihood of volunteering

A

Social trust and human capital increase only the likelihood of formal volunteering, not of informal care

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3
Q

volunteering behaviour of immigrants

A
  • Native-born Canadians are more likely to volunteer than their immigrant counterparts, but they are similar in their propensity to provide informal care
  • This may be because formal volunteering is a Western phenomenon and due to access to opportunities
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4
Q

volunteering behaviour of women

A

Women are more likely to engage in formal volunteering and informal care than men

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5
Q

volunteering

A

pro-social behaviour that provides help to others, a group, an organization, a cause, or the community at large without expectation of material reward

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6
Q

what does the volunteering literature focus on?

A

Most of the literature on volunteering focuses on formal, organizational volunteering

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7
Q

what defines whether an activity is more or less of a volunteer activity

A

The net cost of volunteering

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8
Q

formal volunteering

A

includes the contribution of time to a variety of activities that is done under the aegis of an organization

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9
Q

informal volunteering

A

includes the contribution of time to a variety of activities done without the sponsorship of an organization

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10
Q

link between formal and informal volunteering

A

Formal and informal volunteering are empirically interrelated

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11
Q

how can we analyze informal volunteering?

A

with models of formal volunteering

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12
Q

the dispositional determinants of formal vs. informal volunteering

A

are similar

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13
Q

Two dimensions of informal volunteering

A

people-oriented and task-oriented

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14
Q

correlates of the dimensions of informal volunteering

A

Both dimensions are correlated with motivates of helping and role identity

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15
Q

volunteering across one’s life

A

A person is likely to move across a spectrum of volunteer activities across their life

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16
Q

social capital

A

a person’s social networks

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17
Q

social capital and volunteering

A

There is a positive correlation between a person’s social capital and volunteering

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18
Q

four main hypotheses for the relationship between social capital and volunteering

A
  • More formal social networks, both religious and secular, increase the likelihood of both formal and informal volunteering
  • Length of residence increases the likelihood of formal and informal volunteering
  • A sense of belonging increases the likelihood of formal and informal volunteering
  • Knowing more neighbours increases the likelihood of formal and informal volunteering
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19
Q

Formal volunteering is more likely for those who:

A
  • Are members of a religious or secular group
  • Have lived in a community for longer
  • Have a higher sense of belonging
  • Know more neighbours
  • Are trusting
  • Have a higher sense of self-control
  • Have a higher level of education
  • Are Canadian-born
  • Are English-speaking people in non-Quebec regions
  • Are women
  • Are middle-aged
  • Have more children living in the household
  • Live in rural areas
  • Are lower income
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20
Q

Informal care of seniors and children is more likely for those who:

A
  • Have higher social capital
  • Are members of a religious or secular group
  • Have lived in a community for longer
  • Have a higher sense of belonging
  • Know more neighbours
  • French-speaking in Quebec
  • Are women
  • Have more children living in the household
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21
Q

House and yardwork is more likely for those who:

A
  • Have strong social networks
  • Are English-speaking people in non-Quebec regions
  • Were born in Canada
  • Are men
  • Have fewer children in the household
  • Are retirees
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22
Q

how do social networks affect formal vs. informal volunteering?

A

in a similar way

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23
Q

what factors matter more for formal volunteering?

A

Trust, locus of control, and human capital

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24
Q

culture and volunteering

A

Cultural influences play a significant role in shaping different types of volunteering behaviour

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25
Q

context of Black leadership

A

Black leadership exists concerning the racial hierarchy of society and is shaped by historical, political, economic, and cultural context

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26
Q

how is Black Canadian leadership often viewed?

A

through a U.S. lens

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27
Q

absence vs. presence of Black leadership

A

the absence of strong Black leadership is more likely to be evident than its presence

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28
Q

unity and Black leadership

A

A discourse of unity is necessary to address presumed deficits of African Canadians

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29
Q

generational differences in leadership

A
  • Older leaders believe leadership must be visible and representative of a united front
  • Younger people claim that people must work collaboratively to create programs that will generate change
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30
Q

community leadership

A

the capability and skills that individuals possess to identify the needs or assets of a group or community, and to inspire and mobilize others to join with them in addressing the needs or mobilizing the assets

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31
Q

how do leaders exercise power?

A

it is based on a value system informed by their social circumstances, lived experiences, and acquired ideologies

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32
Q

the performance of leadership

A

is contextual, relational, and circumstantial

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33
Q

Westernization of leadership

A
  • Our understanding and expectations of leadership tend to be premised on Western thinking, which often ignores the contextual realities of leadership
  • This influences decisions about who is assigned or takes up leadership
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34
Q

whiteness

A

the enactment of the principles of leadership that operate more in the interests of white people than of minority groups

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35
Q

example of Whiteness

A

white fragility

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36
Q

white fragility

A

a state in which even a minimum amount of racial stress becomes intolerance, triggering a range of defensive moves, including outward display of emotions and behaviours and leaving the stress-inducing situation

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37
Q

how is Whiteness made invisible?

A

through the myths of colour blindness, meritocracy, and equality (instead of equity) of opportunity

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38
Q

how are racial disparities viewed in Canada?

A

are explained and understood as cultural and moral deficiencies specific to racialized groups and a direct reflection of their efforts

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39
Q

the premise of unity in Black leadership

A

it’s based on the notion of fear that governments will exploit differences among communities or their members to justify and maintain the status quo

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40
Q

5 forms that Black leadership tends to take concerning the logic of whiteness:

A
  1. Role models
  2. Corrective agents
  3. Arbitrators
  4. Change agents
  5. Cultural curators
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41
Q

are the 5 forms of Black leadership mutually exclusive?

A

no, they exist in relation to social, cultural, political, and economic issues

42
Q

what does community leadership depend on?

A

shared vision, communal goals, reciprocal support, the ways leaders engage with the community, and collective action

43
Q

followership

A

the reciprocal role that individuals assume in the community and by which they elect to actively follow the leader

44
Q

James’ argument for future Black leadership

A

We need leaders who will resist the essentialist and imposed singular construct of Black communities

45
Q

role model

A

people who know what it means to take advantage of the opportunities and possibilities in life through individual efforts

46
Q

morality of role models

A

they are typically understood to have moral values and integrity to be successful in a valued aspect of society

47
Q

symbolic value of racialized leaders

A

they become useful evidence that barriers need not prevent you from attaining influential positions

48
Q

sponsor

A

a powerfully positioned champion or advocate who is more vested in their protege, offering guidance, support, and critical feedback

49
Q

what is needed more than a role model?

A

a sponsor

50
Q

public perception of Black leaders

A

they are systematically miniaturized

51
Q

corrective agents

A

those who provide discipline, structure, and moral guidance enabling young people to fit into the ways of society

52
Q

expectation of Black leaders

A
  • Black leaders are expected to create a unified community
  • This idea of homogeneity gives leaders the illusion that they know, represent, and speak for their entire community
53
Q

comparison of corrective agents

A
  • Corrective agents often compare how well other communities are doing to Black communities
  • The assumption is that other communities come together but Black communities don’t
54
Q

argument of Black corrective agents

A

only through collective efforts and regulated leadership will the Black community become socially respectable

55
Q

corrective agents and White norms

A

Corrective agents adhere to white norms and assume that failures of members of the community are the rest of individual deficits rather than a reflection of societal impediments

56
Q

common occupations of corrective agents

A

religious people and police officers

57
Q

arbitrators

A

leaders who take it upon themselves or are called upon by community members to intervene or mediate matters affecting their community

58
Q

what do arbitrators focus on?

A

what’s wrong with the community

59
Q

assumption of arbitrators

A

the community is a singular entity and their role is to promote consensus

60
Q

arbitrators and times of crisis

A

Arbitrators are more inclined to take control of crises instead of responding to concerns raised by civic leaders

61
Q

arbitrators’ response to rude acts

A

Rude acts are likely to foreclose any attempts to engage leaders of the Black community

62
Q

ultimate goal of arbitrators

A

to safeguard their privileged positions and personal comfort

63
Q

change agents

A

people who are determined to change the tenor of the construction, representation, and expectations of members of the Black community

64
Q

example of change agents

A

the Black Lives Matter movement and the Black Action Defence Committee

65
Q

who are change agents up against?

A

the establishment, but also other Black community leaders

66
Q

context of change activists

A

Activists of the 1970s and 1980s created a context in which today’s change activists continue to build

67
Q

cultural curators

A

leaders who centre the culture of the community in their performance of leadership

68
Q

culture

A

made up of the ideas, values, beliefs, attitudes, behaviours, traditions, practices, and aspirations of community members, which are informed by their country of origin as well as the structure of Canadian society and the socio-economic situation that members find themselves in

69
Q

how is culture conceptualized?

A

in various ways by various leaders

70
Q

how do many cultural curators devote their energy?

A
  • To education
  • However, Black students continue to have high rates of school disengagement, suspensions, dropping out, and low academic performance
71
Q

the Jewish community as a political system

A

it acts as a government in a limited sphere for people willing to submit to the discipline of membership and accepts its decisions as binding

72
Q

how do Jewish people view political systems?

A

in terms of groups formed by consensus, where equality is paramount

73
Q

traditional Jewish allowances in the political process

A

they were entitled to equal treatment but not equal participation in the political process

74
Q

bargaining in Jewish communities

A

was a key method of decision-making

75
Q

the establishment of federal models of organization

A

was the result of traditional Jewish views of political systems

76
Q

economic power in the Jewish community

A
  • The Jewish community balances the importance of economic power and social status of leaders with a general distrust of centralized power
  • This has evolved into a “trusteeship of givers and doers”
77
Q

three levels of Jewish power in Canada

A

National
Local
Sublocal (individual organizations)

78
Q

centralization of the Canadian Jewish community

A
  • The Canadian Jewish community is more centralized than in the U.S. due to the establishment of the Canadian Jewish Congress (CJC) in 1919, which aimed to represent all Canadian Jewish people
  • There have since been numerous other organizations that have been created in Canada, like B’nai Brith Canada (BBC), the Canadian Office of the Council of Jewish Federations, the National Budgeting Conference (NBC), and the Canadian Zionist Federation
79
Q

how are the CJC and other Jewish national bodies run?

A

through local affiliates

80
Q

what Canadian areas dominate national Jewish affairs?

A

Toronto and Montreal because they are home to ¾ of the Canadian Jewish population

81
Q

who holds true power in Jewish organizaiotns?

A

those with links to the decision-making process

82
Q

elections in Jewish organizations

A
  • Jewish organizations rarely hold mass public elections for offers and members of governing boards, except for the CJC
  • Most Jewish organizations are set up so that current leaders can choose their successors
  • This method tends to favour older people
83
Q

underrepresentation in Jewish bodies

A
  • National Jewish bodies disproportionately represent the wealthy
  • The poor, elderly, and women (up until about 15 years ago) were left out of these leadership positions
  • Montreal’s Sephardic Jews, mainly from Morocco are underrepresented in leadership positions
84
Q

why are the wealthy overrepresented in National Jewish bodies?

A

They have more time for unremunerated activity and the selection process is dependent on those who already have connections and power

85
Q

why are Montreal’s Sephardic Jews underrepresented in National Jewish bodies?

A

It appears that they have instead concentrated on their community organizations

86
Q

political resources and Jewish resources

A
  • Individuals with valuable political resources also influence Jewish power, despite not holding formal positions
  • Ex. Samuel Bronfman in Montreal
87
Q

value of democratic vote in Jewish communities

A

In Jewish communities, accommodation has a much higher value than winning by a strictly democratic vote

88
Q

how does accomodation begin?

A

by choosing the decision-makers

89
Q

checks on democratic forms in Jewish organizations

A
  • Key members of the elite discuss an issue before the official body debates it
  • The system’s use of accommodation and behind-the-scenes negotiation
  • Most Jewish organizations are set up so that current leaders can choose their successors
  • Careful selection and controlled advancement of newcomers can ensure that voting does not get out of hand
90
Q

who holds Jewish decision-making and power?

A

an elite because the Jewish community is financially dependent on relatively few wealthy families who contribute a large proportion of its funds

91
Q

political participation of the non-elite

A
  • The structure of Jewish political organization is flexible enough that those who are interested can be brought into the process, but a few new people cannot bring about major changes unless they can find allies among the more established players
  • Any group that is not adequately represented in the elite must campaign to persuade the decision-makers of their point of view
92
Q

what is the primary goal of the Jewish decision-making process?

A

Avoiding controversy

93
Q

Jewish elites in the 1970s

A
  • In the early 1970s, Jewish elites were around 16-20 well-educated, successful businessmen or professionals in their 60s and 70s
  • During the 1970s, there was a visible shift to include younger men
94
Q

key motivating force among Canadian Jewish people

A

identification with Israel

95
Q

exercise of Jewish power in smaller Canadian centres

A

follows similar patterns to Montreal and Toronto

96
Q

national presence of Canada’s Jewish community

A

it has long been emphasized

97
Q

National success for a Jewish leader depends on:

A
  • Their effort
  • Their effectiveness
  • Their base in strong local organizations
  • Financial status (though this is less important on the national level)
98
Q

what does the distribution of Canadian Jewish power reprsent?

A

a tension between traditional oligarchical tendencies and the democratic impulse of a modern era

99
Q

Jewish power in Canada going forward

A

There will undoubtedly be a move toward more transparent policy formation in the future

100
Q

do most Jewish people participate politically?

A

no, most don’t make an effort to

CANS 301 (21 decks)

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