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CANS 301 > Lecture 11 Readings > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Readings Flashcards

1
Q

leadership in the covid-pandemic

A

The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to explore the relationships among character, identification-based trust, and perceptions of leadership effectiveness in the context of crisis leadership

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2
Q

what personality traits are associated with perceptions of presidential success?

A
  • hardworking
  • achievement-minded
  • willing and able to speak up for one’s interests
  • valuing the emotional side of life
  • trusting traditional sources of moral authority
  • being willing to bend the rules to get their way
  • being somewhat narcissistic
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3
Q

character vs. personality

A
  • Character is anchored in behaviours and can be learned through deliberate practice, while personality traits are relatively stable and agnostic to virtue
  • The development of virtues that comprise character is context-sensitive, unlike personality
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4
Q

virtuous character

A

is concerned with the quality of judgment in decision-making and is not limited to the domain of ethical or moral decision-making

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5
Q

character

A

an amalgam of virtues, personality traits, and values that help facilitate sustained excellence in individuals, teams, and organizations

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6
Q

what traits does character encompass?

A

only traits that are virtuous

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7
Q

virtues

A

situationally appropriate behaviours that are widely considered emblematic of good leadership in that they contribute to the well-being of societies

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8
Q

Crossan et al.’s leader framework demonstrated through quantitative and qualitative studies that:

A
  • The character dimensions of leadership are interconnected
  • Judgement exists at the centre of the interconnected dimensions
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9
Q

Crossman et al. 2017 on leadership

A

leadership is a function of competencies, character, and commitment to the role of leadership

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10
Q

context and leadership

A

leadership is always context-dependent

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11
Q

Barber’s typology of presidential character

A

identified two dimensions and classified presidents into one of four categories

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12
Q

4 categories in barber’s typology

A

Active-positive
Active-negative
Passive-positive
Passive-negative

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13
Q

Three problems with Barber, Crossan, and other frameworks of leadership:

A
  • They are not always based on rigorous empirical research
  • They employ a limited assortment of indicators of character that are not necessarily comparable across time or cases
  • They do not capture the complex ontology (interdependence) of character
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14
Q

trust and democracy

A

Trust is vital to success in a well-functioning democracy

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15
Q

what is trust based on?

A

the character of the leader and their empathy with other people’s desires and intentions

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16
Q

impact of trust on democracy

A

It strengthens the leader-follower relationship

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17
Q

trust and leader effectiveness

A

Trust is associated with positive perceptions of leader effectiveness

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18
Q

implicit leadership theory

A

employees create cognitive representations of the world, including the characteristics that people generally associate with effective leaders

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19
Q

importance of character during the pandemic

A
  • Character is seen as important for political leadership by individuals of voting age
  • The importance of character in a leader increased since the initial stages of the pandemic
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20
Q

identification-based trust of Trudeau throughout the pandemic

A

Identification-based trust and ratings of perceived leadership efficiency in Trudeau decreased

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21
Q

regional and political differences in perceptions of Trudeau’s leadership effectiveness during the pandemic

A
  • Liberals reported higher perceptions of leadership effectiveness for Trudeau than non-Liberals
  • Regional rather than provincial affiliation accounts for differences in political culture across Canada
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22
Q

importance of the dimensions of character in political leadership

A
  • Respondents agreed that each of the 11 dimensions of character was an essential aspect of political leadership
  • There was a varying gap between the perceived importance of the dimensions that comprise leader character and the belief that Trudeau lived up to these expectations
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23
Q

identification-based trust and leadership effectiveness

A
  • Identification-based trust helps to explain the relationship between perceptions of character and leadership effectiveness
  • This is associated with voting behaviour
  • This means that leaders are unlikely to gain traction in the absence of perceptions of character and trust
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24
Q

what sectors are issues of character and trust salient for?

A

Issues of character, trust, and leadership effectiveness are salient across all sectors

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25
Q

strengths of the Sejits et al. study

A
  • Longitudinal design
  • The three samples were representative of the electorate
  • The surveys were anonymous
  • Included all 11 dimensions of the character framework developed by Crossan et al.
26
Q

limitations of the Sejits et al. study

A
  • The sample size was relatively small (650 people per survey)
  • The data is self-reported
  • The cross-sectional nature of the data collection limits the statistical test that can be conducted and the interpretation of the findings
  • Cannot draw causal conclusions
  • Trust and effectiveness are context-dependent and may be susceptible to contrast effects
  • Did not control for extraneous variables
27
Q

health outcomes in Indigenous communties

A

Indigenous populations are at greater risk for severe health outcomes due to their social, economic, and cultural inequities

28
Q

COVID-19 outbreak in Indigenous communities in Saskatchewan

A

In the Spring of 2020, First Nations and Metis communities in northwestern Saskatchewan experienced the province’s first serious COVID-19 outbreak

29
Q

9 themes of challenges with managing the outbreak

A
  • uncertainty
  • lack of infrastrutcure
  • lack of resources
  • public health restrictions
  • hidden homelessness and housing
  • pre-existing lack of trust
  • privacy issues
  • burnout and overwork
  • remoteness
30
Q

uncertainty

A

there was little understanding of the virus and how it could be contained

31
Q

lack of infrastructure

A

there were no necessary healthcare facilities, housing, healthcare personnel, and accommodations

32
Q

lack of resources

A

it was difficult to access PPE, staff resources, and technology

33
Q

public health restrictions

A

measures such as a curfew, travel restrictions, and highway checkpoints limited travel in and out of the community

34
Q

hidden homelessness and housing

A

crowded housing and hidden homelessness made it difficult to successfully isolate

35
Q

pre-existing lack of trust

A

misinformation on social media started to erode some community members’ trust in leadership

36
Q

privacy issues

A

some community members requested information for those who tested positive but this was denied by health authorities due to confidentiality reasons

37
Q

burnout and overwork

A

burnout by healthcare workers was exacerbated by chronic healthcare worker shortages in northern communities

38
Q

remoteness

A

remoteness was a barrier to accessing healthcare services

39
Q

4 categories of consequences of the outbreak

A
  • food insecurity
  • stigma
  • differing world views
  • mental health and addiciton
40
Q

food insecurity

A

it was difficult to get food into the community amid highway blockages

41
Q

stigma

A

participants experienced stigma when travelling to cities for appointments

42
Q

differing world views

A

COVID-19 exposed cultural differences between Indigenous communities and Western health institutions. Even within communities, members disagreed on how the outbreak should be handled

43
Q

mental health and addiction

A

the outbreak exacerbated mental health challenges and addictions due to increased stress, living conditions, lack of resources, uncertainty, and forced isolation

44
Q

7 categories of successes of the outbreak

A
  • community leadership
  • partnerships
  • the community-managed alcohol program
  • isolation and housing support
  • communiaction
  • kinship
  • connecting to the land
45
Q

community leadership

A

local leadership played a major role in the success of the COVID-19 response

46
Q

partnerships

A

supportive partnerships between community leaders, nearby Indigenous communities, governments and organizations, public safety, and the health authority were key to the containment effort

47
Q

the community-managed alcohol program (MAP)

A

provided community members in isolation who were dependent on alcohol a safe way to get the product, reducing the risks of withdrawal

48
Q

isolation and housing support

A

community leaders arranged for isolation trailers

49
Q

communication

A

frequent virtual meetings were held between community members and public health officials in the province

50
Q

kinship

A

pre-existing relationships with the community helped coordinate and communicate throughout the outbreak

51
Q

connecting to the land

A

several members and their families returned to traditional territory to seek refuge and avoid the risk of COVID-19

52
Q

Carr et al.’s recommendations for improving health outcomes in Indigenous communities

A
  • Respecting Indigenous leadership and ways of knowing
  • Acknowledging and respecting the differences between Indigenous communities and Western institutions
  • Improving communication, coordination, and consistency in ongoing relationships between organizations and communities
53
Q

Carr et al’s study limitation

A

the findings may not be broadly applied to other provincial or Indigenous communities given their unique context

54
Q

medical officers during the pandemic

A
  • Canadians have shown a deep appreciation for medical officers during the unsteady times of the COVID pandemic
  • They are seen as trustworthy in a time of great anxiety
55
Q

gender of medical officers

A

7/14 of Canada’s medical officers are women

56
Q

importance of having female medical officers

A

There is hope that seeing so many high-profile women chief medical officers will influence a generation of girls and young women

57
Q

are women underrepresented in health?

A

Women remain underrepresented in the most prestigious leadership roles in health

58
Q

barriers to women in the healthcare sector

A
  • Ingrained gender expectations
  • Implicit bias that men make better leaders
  • Harassment
  • A lack of mentors
59
Q

result of the barriers women face

A

a lack of confidence

60
Q

diversity in leadership and health outcomes

A
  • Research shows that diversity in health leadership benefits population health
  • Gaps in healthcare leadership lead to half of the population being ignored
61
Q

example of gendered gaps in healthcare

A

it wasn’t until 1997 that Health Canada introduced guidelines on including women in pharmaceutical trials

62
Q

what often motivates women in leadership roles?

A

seeking equity

CANS 301 (21 decks)

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