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CANS 301 > Lecture 3 Readings > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Readings Flashcards

1
Q

how do leaders emerge and fall from power?

A

based on their relationship with followers

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2
Q

leadership is highly dependent on ____

A

language and social identity

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3
Q

why do leaders define ingroups and outgroups?

A

it allows for the mobilization of social identity

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4
Q

leadership and social psychological motives

A

Leaders need to take advantage of members’ social-psychological motives when trying to galvanize a group for action

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5
Q

social-psychological motives include:

A
  • The desire for group distinctiveness
  • Positive social identity
  • A coherent understanding of social events
  • The justification for group actions
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6
Q

language and social-psychological motives

A

The exploitation of social-psychological motives is fundamentally mediated by language

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7
Q

social identity is…

A

malleable, fluid, and contextually variable

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8
Q

the social identity approach to leadership on social-psychological phenomena

A

treats social-psychological phenomena as a reflection of social contextual realities

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9
Q

The social identity theory of leadership

A

argues that leaders emerge and are perceived as effective insofar that they provide a faithful rendition of ingroup identity concerning significant outgroups

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10
Q

the social identity theory on representations

A
  • Representations are context-dependent
  • Collective representations are defined by prototypes
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11
Q

prototypes

A

clusters of group-defining traits that simultaneously maximize intragroup similarities and intergroup differences associated with particular ingroup-outgroup social comparisons

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12
Q

Four stages of leadership (Reid & Ng):

A
  1. Leader emergence
  2. The stabilization of the leadership position
  3. Intragroup leader-follower power differentiation
  4. The abuse of power
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13
Q

language and the leadership process

A

Language can be used to create material power, conceal or mask the exercise of power, and contribute to making dominance appear natural

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14
Q

prototypicality and power

A

The relationship between prototypicality and the exercise of influence and power makes it possible to develop and maintain a leadership position

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15
Q

innovation and leadership

A

By engaging in innovation, the leader enhances their power bases, which can in turn be used to control the prototypical ingroup position, making it possible to secure further power bases

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16
Q

Reid & Ng’s main argument

A
  1. Prototypicality is the crucial resource that bonds a leader to the group, but prototypicality is realized, maintained, and stabilized through the creative and dynamic use of linguistic social categorizations;
  2. Linguistically constructed (yet contextually grounded) categorizations enable the leader to broaden his or her power base – both in reality (by adding reward and coercive power), and as conceived social-psychologically in the minds of followers (by adding legitimate, informational, referent, and expert power);
  3. The inflation of these power bases feeds back into control of the prototypical ingroup position, and thus the ability to maintain the leadership position. This is because:
    a) support from followers aids the task of linguistically manipulating ingroup and outgroup prototypes (followers are more likely to ascribe to the leader’s definition of reality) such that the prototypical ingroup position remains focused upon the leader; and, b) because it makes it possible to side-line pretenders to the leadership position.
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17
Q

example of the linguistic construction of power

A

Ariel Sharon’s image as a peacemaker was linguistically and strategically constructed. He encouraged violence from Palestinians, which he then used to justify attacking them further

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18
Q

what is the antidote to power?

A

counter-power

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19
Q

how does the emergence of a prototypical group member occur?

A

actively

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20
Q

power of established leaders vs. new leaders

A

Leaders who are relatively well-established generally have greater power at their disposal than emergent leaders

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21
Q

how do leaders maintain their leadership?

A

mobilizing power and constructing and justifying its use through language

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22
Q

why are linguistic categorizations controlling?

A
  • By producing an accepted categorization, the connotations that follow serve to create an image that was not produced in the initial words
  • When such categorizations are widely diffused, they are controlling insofar that they produce a definition of reality
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23
Q

The social-cognitive and power differentiation of the leader from followers leads to ___

A

an embryonic intergroup categorization that transforms the leader-follower relationship into an intergroup relation

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24
Q

how does a leader gain more power?

A

by successfully mobilizing the group concerning relevant outgroups

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25
Q

what happens when a leader gains more power?

A

the leader becomes more likely to subscribe to an intergroup categorization

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26
Q

what happens when a leader feels sufficiency threatened?

A

the exercise of power can shift from the normative social influence that flows from group consensus to a direct, unmasked attempt to maintain a position through force

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27
Q

how is traditional power exercised?

A

within the confined of an ingroup normative consensus

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28
Q

the shift to naked power

A

the shift from normative influence to coercion

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29
Q

language and naked power

A

Language is crucial to the exercise of naked power because it is needed to construct the ”other” and justify the use of power

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30
Q

diversity and Canadian identity

A

Diversity is a key feature of Canadian identity

31
Q

representation and identity

A

The selection of our representatives reflects who we are

32
Q

democratic deficit

A

the decline of our democratic institutions

33
Q

cities

A

important centres of electoral and political activity

34
Q

literature on women in politics vs. visible minorities in politics

A

The literature on women in politics is well-developed but there is little research on immigrants and minorities in politics

35
Q

why do some argue that women are more present in municipal government than federal/provincial government

A

Some argue that women are more present at the municipal level of government because of the geographic proximity to one’s home and the absence of political parties in municipal elections (except for Montreal and Vancouver)

36
Q

what jurisdictions do some argue that women and immigrants might be drawn to?

A

provincial jurisdictions around health policies and child care programs might draw women while federal jurisdictions around immigration and foreign policy may appeal to immigrants

37
Q

what capital is relevant for electoral politics?

A

Human, economic, and social capital

38
Q

Challenges of examining diversity in politics:

A
  • There is limited empirical evidence to explain individuals’ motivations for getting involved in electoral office
  • It is not clear whether one underrepresented group’s motivations are the same as another’s
  • Some of the earlier findings in this field don’t necessarily continue to hold
39
Q

diverging experiences of diversity

A

There is no single experience with diversity and its representation in the electoral arena

40
Q

ethnicity

A

one’s ancestral origins, whether ethnic or cultural

41
Q

visible minorities

A

all people other than Indigenous people who are non-Caucasian in race and non-white in colour

42
Q

criticisms of the term visible minority

A

Some suggest this term is divisive and imprecise

43
Q

what two dimensions does Statistics Canada use to assess Indigenous identity?

A
  • One’s Indigenous ancestry (largely based on blood)
  • One’s feeling of Indigenous identity
44
Q

immigrant

A

someone who was born outside of Canada and has been granted the right to live permanently in the country

45
Q

second-generation immigrants

A

the Canadian-born children of immigrants

46
Q

proportionality index

A

a tool to facilitate comparisons between the general population and the elected officials on variables of interest

47
Q

how is proportionality index calculated?

A

Calculated by taking the proportion of a particular demographic group within elected office and dividing that by the proportion of that demographic group in the general population

48
Q

interpreting proportionality index

A
  • A score of 1.00 is an indicator of perfect proportionality
  • Anything about 1.00 indicates over representation
  • Anything below 1.00 indicates under representation
49
Q

prevalence of proportionality

A

Disproportionality in representation is more the norm than proportionality

50
Q

what does one’s conception of representation influence?

A

the decision that are made and how they are made

51
Q

direct democracy today

A

While we have moved to a representative democracy, there are still models of direct democracy in the world, such as in some Brazilian cities

52
Q

direct democracy within representative democracy

A

There are some spaces for direct democracy within a system of representative democracy (ex. referendums)

53
Q

representative democracy

A

citizens select through the electoral process those whom they would like to represent them in decisions

54
Q

what type of democracy is rooted in the franchise

A

representative democracy

55
Q

franchise

A

one’s right to vote

56
Q

how do we define the franchise?

A

There are many ways to define the franchise

57
Q

historical exclusions from the franchise

A

Many of the groups who were excluded from the franchise historically remain underrepresented today (ex. women, young adults, Indigenous and racialized people)

58
Q

debates surrounding the franchise today

A

Questions about who should be allowed to vote remain (ex. Allowing 16- & 17-year-olds to vote)

59
Q

Perspectives on the relationship between voters and their representatives:

A

delegate & trustee model

60
Q

delegate model

A

representatives are viewed as the voice of the people and are elected to bring the wishes of their constituents to the decision-making arena

61
Q

criticisms of the delegate model

A

Rigid and assumes representatives will have the means and ability to accurately gauge and bring forward the views of their constituents

62
Q

trustee model

A

representatives are trustees who have some autonomy to make decisions based on the common good, even when this might clash with the wishes of their constituents

63
Q

importance of symbolic representation

A

Symbolic representation must go beyond tokenism and famous firsts

64
Q

two types of representation

A

mirror & substantive representation

65
Q

mirror representation

A

representatives who merely look like their constituents

66
Q

substantive representation

A

representatives who make decisions that are in the interests of those they represent, whether those are their constituents or the individuals who belong to their group

67
Q

what is required for mirror representation?

A

elected officials must share similar characteristics to those of the population

68
Q

homogenous representative bodies

A
  • Legislative bodies made up entirely of middle-aged White men make us uncomfortable
  • This indicates we feel some degree of numerical representation is necessary
69
Q

critical mass

A

the suggestion that simply being elected with certain characteristics doesn’t mean that one can be effective in acting for people who share those characteristics

70
Q

female politicians and women’s equality

A

Research suggests that women are somewhat more likely to take positions favourable to women’s equality

71
Q

racial minority politicians and racial equality

A

Representatives from minority backgrounds won’t necessarily espouse positions that reflect the views of those from their communities

72
Q

the Canadian elected official archetype

A

The archetype of the Canadian elected official is male, White, middle-class, middle-aged, Christian, Canadian-born, and majority language-speaking

73
Q

the new Canadian elected official archetype

A

We are seeing emerging archetypes of greater diversity

74
Q

how is religion measured?

A

in terms of one’s religious affiliation (self-identification)

CANS 301 (21 decks)

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