Lecture 9 Language Flashcards
Language is defined as a ___ system of ___ ___ that has an organized ___ and ___ to convey ___ content.
complex, symbolic expression, grammar and syntax, semantic
Language encompasses both verbal __ and __ components.
expression and comprehension
A combination of ___ will yield a morpheme.
phonemes
Note that some __ can be complete words by themselves.
morphemes
A combination of morphemes will yield a __.
word
What is semantics?
the meaning connected to words and sentences
What is prosody?
the vocal intonation that can modify the literal meaning of words and sentences
What is the stringing together of sentences to form a meaningful narrative?
discourse
Language is any system that is used for __ and __ ideas.
representing and communicating
Speech refers to a particular ___ manner of communicating language.
audible
Many species of animals use ___ as a form of communication, as do humans.
sound
What are the differences btwn apes and humans in regard to language?
we have lower larynx, longer oral cavity, and ability to move tongue both horizontally and vertically –> so can produce wider range of formant patterns
Language is a combination of four entirely separate abilities including ability to…
categorize info, label categories, sequence behaviors, mimic
Broddman area(s) for Wernicke’s area?
22
Broddman area(s) for Broca’s area?
44 and 45
Wernicke’s area is right near ___’s gyrus (a/k/a primary ___ cortex, Broddman areas ___ and ___).
Heschl’s, auditory, 41 and 42
Together, Heschl’s gyrus, anterior and posterior temporal planes (STP) are sometimes called what?
planum temporale
Broca’s area plays an integral role in ___ of language; and is located in the ___ ___ lobe.
production, inferior frontal
Wernicke’s area plays an integral role in __ __ and __; and is located in the ___ part of the __ __ gyrus.
phonemic encoding and decoding, posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
a major fiber bundle that connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s through the angular gyrus
Speaking the written word activates primary __ cortex, while speaking the heard word activates primary __ cortex; both activate primary __ cortex.
visual, auditory, motor
Wernicke’s area is where __ have __.
where words have meaning
Morphemes are assembled in __’s area.
Broca’s
Wernicke’s aphasia is an example of __ aphasia.
fluent
Word meanings get sent from __’s area to __’s area via the __ __.
Wernicke’s to Broca’s via arcuate fasciculus
What does the angular gyrus do?
convert visual info into auditory info (in reading)
Language mapping is done to protect language functions during surgery for __ __ __ or __ __.
temporal lobe epilepsy, brain tumors
Language mapping is done while patient is awake and interactive because…
the brain itself does not have pain receptors
In language mapping, how do you know that a brain area is important for visual object naming?
when patient cannot name object during stimulation of that area
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: loss of ability to understand language
Wernicke’s
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: prevents a person from producing speech
Broca’s
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: person CAN understand speech
Broca’s
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: speech is slow and slurred
Broca’s
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: person CAN speak clearly, but the words that are strung together do not make sense (“word salad”)
Wernicke’s
Broca’s or Wernicke’s aphasia?: person is completely cognizant of deficit
Broca’s
The language area of males is __ than the language area of females.
larger
Ojemann et al. reveal that the size of the language area is perhaps __ related to language ability.
inversely
In multilingual speakers, the weaker language is often distributed over __ areas compared to the stronger primary language.
larger
The right hemisphere maintains __ auditory comprehension of language and __ reading ability.
good, some
The ___ hemisphere is implicated in semantic processing but has no ability in __ processing.
right, syntactical
What is aphasia?
difficulty producing or comprehending language in any modality (in speech, writing, or reading)
What is alexia?
inability to read
What is agraphia?
inability to write
What is anomia?
word-finding deficit
What is paraphasia?
production of unintended syllables, words, or phrases in an effort to speak
What is apraxia of speech?
difficulty producing sequences of speech sounds
What is aprosidia?
loss of tone in voice
Working memory and sound articulation impairment are associated w/ ___ aphasias and ___’s area.
non-fluent, Broca’s
Difficulty holding sentences in memory & word rhyming are associated w/ ___ aphasias and ___’s area
fluent, Wernicke’s
The arcuate fasciculus is associated w/ ___ ___, a non-fluent aphasic symptom.
recurring utterances
Impairment in ___ ___ is a ___ aphasic symptom associated w/ the medial temporal lobe.
speech comprehension, fluent
Apraxia of speech is a ___ aphasic symptom associated w/ the ___; laborious ___ but relatively good ___.
non-fluent, insula, articulation, comprehension
In ___’s aphasia, what is said usually makes sense but is very ___ or ___ in style.
compressed or telegraphic
In ___’s aphasia, speech is typically devoid of content but __, __ and __ are preserved.
Wernicke’s, rhythm, grammar, articulation
What kind of aphasia is this an example of?: “Before I was in the one here, I was over in the other one. My sister had the thing in the other one.”
Wernicke’s
A lesion in Wernicke’s aphasia can result in a severe loss of understanding, even though __ of __ words and __ maybe fully normal.
hearing, nonverbal, music
What is a “pure” aphasia? What are three examples?
selective impairments in specific areas, e.g., alexia (w/o agraphia), agraphia, word deafness
Is Broca’s aphasia a fluent or nonfluent aphasia?
nonfluent
Area 39 is the ___ ___.
angular gyrus (for reading)
Fluent aphasias involve fluent ___ (w/o ___ disorders), but difficulties either in auditory verbal ___ and/or ___ (e.g., Wernicke’s).
speech, w/o articulatory, comprehension, expression
Non-fluent aphasias (e.g., apraxia) involve laborious ___, but relatively good auditory verbal ___ (e.g., Broca’s).
articulation, comprehension
Conduction aphasia is when a person can’t ___ words.
repeat
___ of speech is a core deficit of non-fluent ___, and is thought to come from damage not to Broca’s but to the ___ (Dronkers).
apraxia, aphasia, insula
Damage to superior temporal gyrus results in… (Dronkers).
impaired sentence comprehension
Damage to arcuate facilus results in… (Dronkers).
recurring utterances
Damage to Broca’s results in impaired ___ and ___ ___ (Dronkers).
articulation, working memory
Damage to insula results in… (Dronkers).
apraxia of speech (non-fluent aphasias)
Damage to superior temporal gyrus may result in…
impaired sentence
Electrical stimulation of left ___ improves later retrieval of words heard during stimulation (Ojemann).
thalamus
