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SCAF final > Lecture 6 Attention > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Attention Flashcards

1
Q

SUSTAINED ATTENTION

A

a basic attentional function that determines the efficacy of the ‘higher’ aspects of attention (selective attention, divided attention) and of cognitive capacity in general

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2
Q

‘TOP-DOWN’ PROCESSES describe knowledge-driven mechanisms designed to… [describe 3]

A

(1) to enhance neuronal processing of relevant sensory input,
(2) to facilitate discrimination btwn signal vs. ‘noise’ or distractors, and
(3) to bias subject toward particular locations (in which signals may appear)

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3
Q

‘BOTTOM-UP’ PERSPECTIVES try to explain an individual’s ability to… [describe 2]

A

(1) to detect targets and target-triggered attentional processing by sensory salience, and (2) to trigger attentional processing by recruiting ‘higher’ cortical areas in a bottom-up manner

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4
Q

Top down and bottom up processes ___ to optimize performance.

A

interact

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5
Q

Attention effects in areas __ and __ but not __

A

V4 and TE but not V1

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6
Q

Increased __ activation in the shifting relative to the fixed attention condition; and increased role for __ __ as determined by presentations to right vs. left visual fields

A

parietal, RIGHT parietal

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7
Q

In shifting attention, __ parietal lobe is activated when stimulus is in either visual field (left or right)

A

right

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8
Q

In shifting attention, __ parietal lobe is activated when stimulus is in the RIGHT visual field

A

left

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9
Q

__ attention = focus on one feature in the two frames

A

selective

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10
Q

__ attention = examine whether any feature was different

A

divided

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11
Q

Activated areas (depending on feature of interest) during selective attention include…

A 
V3
V4
TE
Insula
Posterior thalamus
Superior colliculus
Orbital frontal cortex
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12
Q

Activated areas during divided attention include…

A

Anterior cingulate
Dorsolateral prefontal cortex
+ visual areas

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13
Q

__ attention task had greater memory demands (than __ attention task)

A

divided, selective

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14
Q

Structures involved in the alerting attention network are…

A

Locus coeruleus
Right frontal
Parietal cortex

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15
Q

Structures involved in the orienting attention network are….

A

Superior parietal
Temporal parietal junction
Frontal eye fields
Superior colliculus

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16
Q

Structures involved in the executive attention network are…

A

Anterior cingulate
Lateral ventral
Prefrontal
Basal ganglia

17
Q

Chemical modulator involved in alerting (maintaining a vigilant/alert state)

A

Norepinephrine

18
Q

Chemical modulator involved in orienting (to sensory events, visual locations)

A

Acetylcholine

19
Q

Chemical modulator involved in executive attention (detecting signals for focal or conscious processing)

A

Dopamine

20
Q

More than __% of individual DNA sequences do not differ among humans and hence are of limited interest when investigation individual differences in normal cognition.

A

99

21
Q

A few DNA base pairs occur in different forms or __.

A

alleles

22
Q

__ variation is due to slight differences in the chain of nucleic acid making up the gene – commonly the results of a substitution of one __ for another. Consequently, __ __ directed by that gene is altered.

A

allelic,
nucleotide,
protein production

23
Q

__ attention network – visual __ attention – is mediated, to a large degree, by the __ system.

A

Posterior,
spatial,
cholinergic

24
Q

__ attention network involving the frontal cortex – __ attention – is mediated to a large degree by the __ system.

A

Anterior,
executive,
dopaminergic

25
Q

If progress is made in delineating genes and their proteins products that influence these neurochemical pathways (that mediate attention networks), links can be established between __ and different aspects of __ __ (e.g., specific vs. general).

A

genes,

cognitive functions

26
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: processing a visual target in primary visual cortex –> temporal regions for object identification –> parietal regions for location

A

bottom-up

27
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: a person stopping at a red light

A

bottom-up

28
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: a person actively searching for a street at which to turn

A

top-down

29
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: sensory input –> [anything else]

A

bottom-up

30
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: executive functions –> [anything else]

A

top-down

31
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: [anything else] –> decision/memory –> response

A

bottom-up

32
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down?: automatic processing

A

bottom-up

33
Q

Is this bottom-up or top-down?: concious processing

A

top-down

34
Q

Attention and effort in V__

A

V4

35
Q

Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase (DBH) polymorphisms are linked with visual __ __.

A

working memory

36
Q

CHRNA4 gene is linked with visual __ __.

A

spatial attention

SCAF final (16 decks)

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