Lecture 6 Attention Flashcards
SUSTAINED ATTENTION
a basic attentional function that determines the efficacy of the ‘higher’ aspects of attention (selective attention, divided attention) and of cognitive capacity in general
‘TOP-DOWN’ PROCESSES describe knowledge-driven mechanisms designed to… [describe 3]
(1) to enhance neuronal processing of relevant sensory input,
(2) to facilitate discrimination btwn signal vs. ‘noise’ or distractors, and
(3) to bias subject toward particular locations (in which signals may appear)
‘BOTTOM-UP’ PERSPECTIVES try to explain an individual’s ability to… [describe 2]
(1) to detect targets and target-triggered attentional processing by sensory salience, and (2) to trigger attentional processing by recruiting ‘higher’ cortical areas in a bottom-up manner
Top down and bottom up processes ___ to optimize performance.
interact
Attention effects in areas __ and __ but not __
V4 and TE but not V1
Increased __ activation in the shifting relative to the fixed attention condition; and increased role for __ __ as determined by presentations to right vs. left visual fields
parietal, RIGHT parietal
In shifting attention, __ parietal lobe is activated when stimulus is in either visual field (left or right)
right
In shifting attention, __ parietal lobe is activated when stimulus is in the RIGHT visual field
left
__ attention = focus on one feature in the two frames
selective
__ attention = examine whether any feature was different
divided
Activated areas (depending on feature of interest) during selective attention include…
V3 V4 TE Insula Posterior thalamus Superior colliculus Orbital frontal cortex
Activated areas during divided attention include…
Anterior cingulate
Dorsolateral prefontal cortex
+ visual areas
__ attention task had greater memory demands (than __ attention task)
divided, selective
Structures involved in the alerting attention network are…
Locus coeruleus
Right frontal
Parietal cortex
Structures involved in the orienting attention network are….
Superior parietal
Temporal parietal junction
Frontal eye fields
Superior colliculus
Structures involved in the executive attention network are…
Anterior cingulate
Lateral ventral
Prefrontal
Basal ganglia
Chemical modulator involved in alerting (maintaining a vigilant/alert state)
Norepinephrine
Chemical modulator involved in orienting (to sensory events, visual locations)
Acetylcholine
Chemical modulator involved in executive attention (detecting signals for focal or conscious processing)
Dopamine
More than __% of individual DNA sequences do not differ among humans and hence are of limited interest when investigation individual differences in normal cognition.
99
A few DNA base pairs occur in different forms or __.
alleles
__ variation is due to slight differences in the chain of nucleic acid making up the gene – commonly the results of a substitution of one __ for another. Consequently, __ __ directed by that gene is altered.
allelic,
nucleotide,
protein production
__ attention network – visual __ attention – is mediated, to a large degree, by the __ system.
Posterior,
spatial,
cholinergic
__ attention network involving the frontal cortex – __ attention – is mediated to a large degree by the __ system.
Anterior,
executive,
dopaminergic
If progress is made in delineating genes and their proteins products that influence these neurochemical pathways (that mediate attention networks), links can be established between __ and different aspects of __ __ (e.g., specific vs. general).
genes,
cognitive functions
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: processing a visual target in primary visual cortex –> temporal regions for object identification –> parietal regions for location
bottom-up
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: a person stopping at a red light
bottom-up
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: a person actively searching for a street at which to turn
top-down
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: sensory input –> [anything else]
bottom-up
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: executive functions –> [anything else]
top-down
Is this bottom-up or top-down processing?: [anything else] –> decision/memory –> response
bottom-up
Is this bottom-up or top-down?: automatic processing
bottom-up
Is this bottom-up or top-down?: concious processing
top-down
Attention and effort in V__
V4
Dopamine Beta Hydroxylase (DBH) polymorphisms are linked with visual __ __.
working memory
CHRNA4 gene is linked with visual __ __.
spatial attention
