Lecture 11 Emotions Flashcards
Emotion is typically referred to as an ___ behavioral state called ___.
inferred, affect
We can infer someone’s affect based on their ___.
behaviors (what they do and say)
Emotions are subjective feelings about various ___ or ___.
stimuli or events
Affective behavior is internal and ___.
subjective
What are the four components of emotions from a classical perspective?
physiological, motor, self-report, unconscious behavior
Emotions include ___ and ___ nervous activity – which results in ___ and ___ changes and activity.
central, autonomic, neurohormonal, visceral
Emotions produce changes in ___ rate, ___ pressure, ___, and ___ system.
heart, blood, perspiration, digestive
Emotions produce release of ___ that affect the brain and/or autonomic system.
hormones
What motor behaviors express emotional states?
facial expression, tone of voice, posture
Motor behaviors expressing emotional states are important because they convey overt actions that can differ from observed ____ behavior (i.e., incongruent)
verbal
Without ____ information, many text messages are left open to endless interpretations.
motoric
____ play a very important role in ____ our emotions.
cognitions, shaping
Many cognitive and affective processes are inferred from ____ rankings (such as PANAS).
self-reported
Our cognition of emotions is comprised of both ____ emotional feelings (e.g., I feel happy) and ____ processes (memories, plans, ideas) that influence the way we ____.
subjective, cognitive, feel
____ processes often influence unconscious behaviors.
cognitive
Cognitive processes that influence unconscious behaviors are responsible for altering our behaviors and may include decisions made on the basis of ____, ____, ____.
intuition, “hunch”/”whim”, a craving
Psychologists began speculating about emotions in the early 1900s – however, they had LITTLE TO NO KNOWLEDGE about the ____ basis of emotional ____.
neural, behavior
By the 1920s, physiologists were investigating the relation between ____, ____, and ____ states, and inferred emotional states.
autonomic, endocrine, neurohormonal
Early physiologists looked at heart rate, blood pressure, and ____ ____.
skin temperature
Philip Bard revealed that decorticated dogs displayed strong feelings of ____ to seemingly ____ stimuli. Such a response was initated by which brain structure?
rage, trivial, diencephalon
The diencephalon includes what structures?
thalamus (right and left) and hypothalamus
Hess and Flynn revealed that stimulating different regions of the ____ was responsible for eliciting different “affective responses.”
hypothalamus
The ____ appeared to play an important role in activating the cortex during autonomic arousal – as a way of helping ____ the emotion to the ____ ____.
thalamus, orient, appropriate stimulus
Hess and Flynn’s animal studies were important because they led to the idea that collectively, the ____ and ____ contain the neural circuits responsible for the ____ expression of emotion and the ____ responses to such emotions.
hypothalamus, thalamus, overt, autonomic
One aspect of Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (KBS) is a ____ of ____.
lack of affect
Animals with KBS show ____ fear to threatening stimuli like snakes and threat signals from other humans.
no
In monkeys, bilateral ____ ____ lobectomy resulted in tameness, increased sex drive w/ inappropriate objects, loss of fear, indiscriminate diet, increased attention to all visual stimuli (hypermetamorphosis), oral examination of all objects, and visual agnosia.
anterior temporal
KBS in humans and monkeys appears to be related to the ____ removal (or damage) of: the ____ AND bilateral inferior ____ cortices.
bilateral, amygdala, inferior temporal
Evidence from animal, neuropsychological, and imaging studies suggest that the amygdala plays an important role in the ____ of ____.
recognition of fear
Frontal lobe removal had an effect on ____ and possibly ____ in chimpanzees.
learning, emotions
Experimental findings in the 1960s revealed that results of ____ lobotomies on humans clearly had severe effects on both ____ and ____ behaviors, as was previously evidenced in rats, cats, and monkeys.
frontal, social, affective
____ lobotomy patients became passive and lacked ____.
frontal, motivation
Facial expressions appear to be predominantly on the ____ side of the face.
left
Asymmetrical facial expressions reveal ____-hemisphere specialization in ____ emotions.
right, producing
When people are asked to ____ an emotion, the emotion is seen more on the ____ side of the face.
hide, right
In a facial expression discrimination task, asking subjects to correctly identify happy and sad faces, subjects were better at identifying stimuli presented to the ____ hemi space. This means there is a ____-brain hemisphere specialization in perception of facial expression (a/k/a nonverbal communication).
left, right
In an auditory study, Dimond and colleagues found that the left ear was more specialized for ____ ____ while the right was more specialized for ____ ____.
emotional tone, identifying content
The limbic system encircles the ____ and consists of: the ____ gyrus, the ____ formation, the ___, the ___, and the ____ ___. [hnt; CHATM]; (not on slide, but also includes H__, S__, and F__.)
brainstem, cingulate, hippocampal, mammillary bodies (hypothalamus, septum, fornix)
What structure is responsible for ELICITING the affective response?
hypothalamus
What two brain structures are said to hold the key to understanding the nature of an emotional experience.
amygdala, PFC
Amygdala receives inputs from all sensory systems. In fact, many cells in the amygdala are ____.
multisensory
The ____ can create complex images of the sensory world – especially those that are threatening or fearful.
amygdala
____ & paralimbic (amygdala) lesions in monkeys produce changes in many social behaviors, including altering social preference, reducing social ____ and ____, and reducing affect and ____.
PFC, interactions, dominance, vocalization
The close anatomical connections btwn the ____ and the ____, and the emotional changes after lesions to these areas, suggest that they belong to a neural circuit ____ emotional behavior.
PFC, amygdala, regulating
What are the three theories of emotion relating it to cognition?
Damasio’s somatic marker, Le Doux’s cognitive-emotional interaction theory, Gainotti’s lateralization theory
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that emotions consist of changes in ____ and ____ states in response to the ____ of a particular event.
body and brain states, evaluation
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that emotions are fundamental for ____, and that ____ ____ cannot be made without experiencing emotions.
survival, rational decisions
The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (Damasio) holds that the greater the ____, the lesser the ____ of emotions the person can demonstrate.
damage, range
Le Doux’s evolutionary theory asserts that emotions ____ to enhance the ____ of an animal.
evolved, survival
Le Doux’s theory claims that as the brain evolved, cognitive and emotional processes…
grew more and more interrrelated
In contrast to Damasio, Le Doux attempts to model ____ ____ (instead of ____ ____).
only fear, all emotions
Our fear system includes both unconscious fear ____ and conscious awareness of ____ ____ of fear.
responses, subjective feelings
What is the key brain structure in the development of conditioned fear?
amygdala
Amygdala subsequently sends outputs to stimulate ____ release and activate ____ nervous system, thereby generating an ____.
hormone, autonomic, emotion
Le Doux holds that an important aspect of fear is ____ – often shaped by ____.
context, learning
____ damage would clearly interfere with the development of ____ fear associations (Le Doux).
hippocampal, contextual
Gainotti’s theory of Cognitive Asymmetry and Emotion holds that emotional systems are ____.
lateralized
Left hemisphere lesions result in ____ reactions characterized by fearfulness and ____, and are associated with ____.
catastrophic, depression, aphasia
Right hemisphere lesions result in ____, and are associated with ____ ____.
indifference, contralateral neglect
Strong emotions (fear and anger) are caused only by the ____ hemisphere.
right
The right hemisphere is more engaged in the ____ components of emotion, and the left hemisphere is more engaged in overall ____ ____ of emotion.
automatic, cognitive control
The left hemisphere ____ feelings, whereas the right hemisphere ____ them.
interprets, generates
Both sides of the brain play ____ roles in emotional behavior, yielding a ____ level of emotional processing (Gainotti).
complementary, conceptual
Abnormal emotional behavior results from: inability to ____ and ____ appropriate emotional and social behaviors; and, misinterpretation of social/emotional ____ from others.
produce and express, signals
Clinical tests of emotional perception are designed to assess ____ in ____ after ____.
changes, personality, injury
Cartoon matching test is a clinical test of ____ perception. It asks the person to choose the appropriate ____ for the blank ____.
emotional, expression, face
In monkeys, bilateral ____ ____ lobectomy resulted in… [name 7]
tameness, increased sex drive w/ inappropriate objects, loss of fear, indiscriminate diet, increased attention to all visual stimuli, oral examination of all objects, visual agnosia
Experimental psychosurgery findings in the 1960s showed that frontal lobotomies on humans clearly had severe effects on both ___ and ___ behaviors, as in animals. Patients became ___ and lacked ___ (e.g., Jack Nicholson, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest).
social, affective, passive, motivation
