Lecture 7 Spatial Behavior Flashcards
Spatial behavior refers to behaviors that we use to…
guide our body parts through space
Processes that contribute to spatial behavior are…
sensory perception,
memory,
attention processes,
motor behavior
__ memory: ability to move through space from one place to another (from point A to point B).
topographic
Topographic memory involves the recognition that movements occur in relation to __ __ objects.
spatially distinct
__ __: mental representations that we make of space
cognitive maps
Space is represented in our brains __ __ __ it is represented on a __.
the same way,
map
space that is within our reach
grasping space
space that our body moves into (future) or out of (past)
distal (time)
space where external objects can be localized to body surface
body space
a gross inability to navigate around an environment that was once familiar
topographic disorientation
Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate a preserved ability to __ w/ inability to __.
describe routes or offer directions,
actually navigate to the location
Some patients w/ topographic disorientation become confused by their inability to identify __ en route.
landmarks
Some patients w/ topographic disorientation demonstrate an inability to __ buildings or landmarks that were formerly familiar to them. This is not due to an __.
name,
anomia
Topographic agnosia and topographic amnesia are subdivisions of ___ ___.
topographic disorientation
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: failure to identify individual landmarks
agnosia
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: inability to navigate around familiar and new environments
amnesia
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to identify and recognize classes/categories of objects, e.g., churches, but unable to recognize being a member of that church
agnosia
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: a specific loss of memory for places, familiar or new
amnesia
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: unable to remember topographic relations btwn landmarks, but can identify each landmark indivdually
amnesia
Topographic agnosia or amnesia?: able to recognize a church as their own church, but not how to get to the church from their current location
amnesia
What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in environments familiar to them before injury
retrograde
What kind of topographic/spatial amnesia?: unable to navigate in novel environments b/c unable to acquire and retain new information
anterograde
Does the right hemisphere play a special role in spatial behavior?
Yes, no doubt
Dorsal stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.
posterior parietal
Ventral stream projects to the ___ ___ cortex.
inferior temporal
Both dorsal and ventral streams send projections to the ___ cortex, which aids in guiding movements of ___, ___, and ___.
frontal, looking, reaching, and locomotion
Dorsal stream = vision for ___
action
Ventral stream = vision for ___
recognition
Dorsal stream is __-centric (guides unconscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., the whereabouts of the object is not important)
egocentric
Ventral stream is __-centric (guides conscious actions w/ respect to objects) (e.g., moving towards a familiar person to talk to them)
allocentric
The hippocampus plays a crucial role in ___ new information & ___ that information to the ___ lobes.
encoding, transporting, temporal
Results from Maguire et al. (2000) reveal the importance of the ___ ___ in complex spatial abilities. Taxi drivers were asked to recall a complex route btwn 2 points.
right hippocampus
Place cells are cells that are maximally responsive to…
specific locations in the world
Animal literature suggests that specific activity of place cells seems consistent w/ the idea that the cells are coding an animal’s ___ and ___ in space relative to its ___ ___ cues.
location and movement, surrounding environmental cues
Tests of spatial navigation of rats include [name 4].
Olton raidal-arm maze, T-maze, Grice box, Morris water task
The hippocampus is implicated in spatial ___.
navigation
In rats, the hippocampus has ___ cells that fire when rats are placed in certain locations on a testing platform and ___ ___ ___.
place, facing specific directions
Findings from hippocampal place cells provide evidence that hippocampus generates ___ ___ of the world, and ___ spatial ___ as a consequence of ___ ___.
cognitive maps, anticipate spatial relations, future movements
Hippocampal place cells encode ___, ___, and ___ movements of rats.
location, speed, voluntary
Hippocampal place cells ___ their activity in dark & ___ their activity to represent new environments.
maintain, modify
If all environmental cues are ___, hippocampal place cells will fire to reflect the new ___ of the cues..
rotated, location
Hippocampal place cells will fire when they reach a particular part of the maze (e.g., left vs. right turns) when ___ for ___.
navigating, food
Hippocampal place cells seem to prefer visual cues, but may respond to ___, ___, ___ and ___ stimuli.
olfactory, vestibular, tactile and auditory
Hippocampal place cells fire in response to specific ___ stimuli (like a cup of water).
adaptive
Hippocampal place cells show activity in response to single stimuli as long as it provides ___/___ information.
predictable/consistent
Hippocampal place cells show preference to particular ___.
environments
Hippocampal place cell activity is linked to the animal’s ability to ___ – if it cannot, the cells ___ firing
move, stop
Morris et al (1982), using a reference memory procedure, found that hippocampal lesions cause profound and lasting ___-___ impairment in rats.
place-navigational
Hippocampal-lesion rats ___ escaped faster than “normal” rats searching for the hidden platform & demonstrated ___ spatial strategy.
never, no
Hippocampal-lesion rats took ___ and more ___ routes in attempting to find the platforms & were ___ likely to demonstrate goal directional heading orientations.
longer, circuitous, less
Many researchers CLAIM that damage to the ___ hippocampal formation results in spatial memory impairments; BUT, results from Astur et al (2002) provide evidence that spatial learning and memory impairments occur in ___ hippocampal removal ___ of the side that was removed. Thus, suggesting the role of hippocampi in ___ ___.
RIGHT, unilateral, REGARDLESS, spatial navigation
Dead reckoning is navigation that depends on…
cues generated by an animal’s own movements
With dead reckoning, an animal can know… [2 things]
how far it traveled, and where it is in relation to its starting point
___ cues are cues derived from various ___ ___ which help aid in ___ – since animals clearly do not have mechanical devices to measure time and speed.
idiothetic, sensory systems, navigation
Head direction cells are in the ___ system, and they indicate ___.
limbic, direction
Head direction cells help inform the rat about…
its location in space
Head direction cells fire in response to a particular direction (based on ___ ___).
head orientation
Head direction cells are responsive to various environmental cues, and orient to ___ and ___ planes.
horizontal, vertical
Do head direction cells fire when the rat is immobile?
yes
Do hippocampal place cells fire when the rat is immobile?
no
Discharge of head direction cells is ___ of environment b/c they’re locked to a network in the limbic system that is ___ ___.
independent, constantly active
The egocentric ___ ___ system and the allocentric ___ ___ system both project to the hippocampus to mediate spatial behavior.
head direction, place cell
Place cell system projects from audio/visual/olfactory –> E___ ___ –> S___ –> H___.
–> Entorhinal cortex –> Subiculum –> Hippocampus
Head direction system projects from vestibular –> lateral M___ –> A___ ___ –> C___ ___ –> P___ –> H___.
–> lateral Mamillary –> Anterior thalamus –> Cingulate cortex –> ParaSubiculum –> Hippocampus
Place cell system tells rat where…
things are in the world
Head direction cell system tells rat where…
IT is in the world
Damage to the ___ and ___ lobes result in spatial ___.
parietal, frontal, impairments
___ lesions to the ___ cortex result in deficits in visuospatial exploration (e.g., displaced visual attention, inability to perceive more than one stimulus, optic ataxia, inability to follow a moving target, defective accommodation and convergence, inability to maintain fixation, gaze apraxia, abnormal visual search)
bilateral, parietal
What is optic ataxia?
defective visual control of movement
What is gaze apraxia?
inability to voluntarily direct gaze to targets
Balint’s syndrome is a ___ deficit (decreased accuracy w/ ___ and ___ movements.
visuospatial, eye and hand
In animals, removal of frontal cortex left them chronically ___, and they were unable to ___ ___ even though their ___ cortex was completely intact.
blind, spatially navigate, visual
Damage to frontal cortex also impairs the ___ process employed in directing ___ to a target.
memory, eyes
Do males or females perform better on certain spatial ability tasks?
males
Sex differences in spatial ability could be linked to a recessive gene on the ___ chromosome, or could be ___.
X, hormonal
