Chapter 27 Emotions & Psychiatric Disorders Flashcards
Among the structural abnormalities in the brains of schizophrenics examined at autopsy are __________.
a. thinner parahippocampal gyri
b. disorganization of hippocampal neurons
c. enlarged ventricles
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Examination of the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test with schizophrenics suggests abnormalities in __________.
a. motor programming
b. prefrontal cortex structure and function
c. visual processing
d. dopamine metabolism
b. prefrontal cortex structure and function
Which is true regarding BDNF?
a. It is upregulated by antidepressant medication.
b. It is downregulated by stress hormones.
c. It enhances the survival of neurons.
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which region shows a decrease in blood flow and metabolism in depressive patients?
a. the amygdala
b. the medial thalamus
c. the dorsolateral prefrontal area
d. the orbital prefrontal area
c. the dorsolateral prefrontal area
Post and Weiss hypothesized that in bipolar patients, mood-disorder episodes are initially __________.
a. spontaneous and unrelated to external events
b. precipitated by psychosocial stressors
c. very rapid, cycling daily
d. not effectively treated by medication
b. precipitated by psychosocial stressors
At the peak of psychosurgery’s popularity as a therapy for mental disease, there were an estimated __________ psychosurgeries performed in the United States (1936-1978).
a. 200,000
b. 35,000
c. 3 million
d. 147
b. 35,000
The root cause of Huntington’s chorea has been identified as __________.
a. damage to GABA neurons resulting from brain trauma
b. shrinkage of the cortex due to stress hormones
c. a dominant autosomal gene with complete penetrance
d. a recessive sex-linked gene that is linked to the dopamine system
c. a dominant autosomal gene with complete penetrance
The abnormal movements seen in adults with Huntington’s chorea are thought to be caused by the hyperactivity of neurons secreting __________.
a. dopamine
b. acetylcholine
c. GABA
d. all of the above
a. dopamine
Parkinson’s disease is the result of the degeneration of the __________.
a. orbital frontal cortex
b. hippocampus
c. substantia nigra
d. premotor cortex
c. substantia nigra
The positive symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
a. tremor at rest
b. disorders of posture
c. muscular rigidity
d. involuntary movements
b. disorders of posture
Which symptom of Parkinson’s disease can manifest as a lack of blinking, blank facial expression, difficulty making repetitive movements, or the absence of rigidity?
a. akinesia
b. disorder of locomotion
c. disorder of righting
d. disturbance of speech
a. akinesia
Schizophrenia and Tourette’s syndrome are both thought to involve abnormalities in the __________-secreting systems of the brain.
a. acetylcholine
b. glutamate
c. GABA
d. dopamine
d. dopamine
Neuritic plaques are one of the brain entities found in __________ disease.
a. Alzheimer’s
b. Huntington’s
c. Wilson’s
d. none of the above
a. Alzheimer’s
Although the exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown, researchers have suggested several possible causes. These include __________.
a. accumulation of aluminum salt in the brain
b. abnormal proteins
c. immune reactions
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
One of the paper-and-pencil tests that reveal deficits in the memories of patients with Tourette’s syndrome is the __________ test.
a. Wechsler IQ
b. draw-a-man
c. Rey Complex-Figure
d. all of the above
c. Rey Complex-Figure
ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
degenerative brain disorder that first appears as a progressive memory loss and later develops into a generalized dementia; origin unknown, but cholinergic cells in basal forebrain, and cells in entorhinal cortex, appear to degenerate first
DEMENTIA
organic loss of intellectual function
FESTINATION
tendency to engage in behavior at faster and faster speeds; usually refers to walking but can include other behaviors such as talking and thinking
AKATHESIA
condition of motor restlessness, ranging from feeling of inner disquiet to an inability to sit or lie quietly
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA
nucleus area in midbrain containing cell bodies of axons containing dopamine; appears black in freshly prepared human tissue
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
disease of motor system correlated with loss of dopamine in brain and is characterized by tremors, rigidity, and reduction in voluntary movement
COPROLALIA
the utterance of obscene words, especially words relating to feces
ECHOLALIA
condition in which a person repeats words or noises that he or she hears
TOURETTE’S SYNDROME
disease characterized by involuntary movements of body parts and involuntary utterance of words and sounds
HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
hereditary disease characterized by chorea (ceaseless, involuntary, jerky movements) and progressive dementia, ending in death
NEUROSURGERY
brain surgery to repair damage to alleviate symptoms resulting from known neurological disease
PSYCHOSURGERY
surgical intervention to sever fibers connecting one brain part to another, or to remove or destroy brain tissue to modify disturbances of behavior, thought content, or mood, for which no organic pathological cause can be demonstrated by established tests and techniques (e.g., lobotomy)
EPIGENETIC
changes in gene regulation that take place without a change in the DNA sequence
SENSITIZATION MODEL
model of bipolar illness that proposes that the brain of the bipolar patient is especially sensitive to the effects of stressors or drugs, and that episodes of mood disorder actually change the brain
HPA AXIS
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal circuit controlling hormone production
