Lecture 8 Memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information; a large umbrella term that consists of many different processes and (sub)systems

Question 2

What are the phases of short-term memory?

Answer 2

encoding (memories are formed), storage (memories are retained), retrieval (memories are accessed)

Question 3

What two types of long-term memory systems are there?

Answer 3

declarative (explicit) vs. non-declarative (implicit)

Question 4

What subtypes of declarative (explicit) memory are there?

Answer 4

episodic vs. semantic

Question 5

What type are priming, conditioning, and procedural learning examples of?

Answer 5

non-declarative (implicit) memory

Question 6

What type of memory contributes to planning, reasoning, problem-solving, divided attention, performing simultaneous tasks?

Answer 6

working memory

Question 7

The Central Executive Model of working memory has what three components?

Answer 7

executive control system supervises the concurrent transfer of info to and from phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 8

Which part of the Central Executive Model recycles items for immediate recall?

Answer 8

phonological loop

Question 9

Which part of the Central Executive Model transfers info to long-term memory?

Answer 9

executive control system

Question 10

Explicit or declarative memory is involved in memory for __ and __.

Answer 10

events and facts

Question 11

Episodic memory and semantic memory comprise ___ memory.

Answer 11

explicit

Question 12

Autobiographical or ___ memory provides us w/ a crucial record of our personal experiences.

Answer 12

episodic

Question 13

Evidence from individual cases suggests that ___ ___ lobe and ___ ___ lobe are involved in episodic memories.

Answer 13

medial temporal, ventral frontal

Question 14

Semantic memory refers to [WHAT]?.

Answer 14

general knowledge about the world (textbook learning)

Question 15

Researchers aren’t exactly sure where ___ memory processing occurs; some say hippocampus and related areas, while others think it’s widely spread especially in ___ fronto-temporal areas.

Answer 15

semantic, LEFT

Question 16

Implicit memory is a type of long-term memory that does not [WHAT]?

Answer 16

does not require conscious thinking

Question 17

In ___ memory, previous experiences aid in the performance of a task w/o conscious awareness of the previous experiences.

Answer 17

implicit

Question 18

Daily, people rely on implicit memory in the form of ___ memory, that allows us to remember how to do specific things w/o consciously thinking about how.

Answer 18

procedural

Question 19

Which brain areas are active during procedural memory?

Answer 19

motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum

Question 20

The habits we acquire during conditioning are stored in our ___ memory.

Answer 20

implicit (procedural)

Question 21

Episodic memory is in the ___ frontal ___ lobe, and semantic memory is in the ___.

Answer 21

right, temporal, left

Question 22

Skills and habits are in the ___ and motor cortex.

Answer 22

striatum

Question 23

Priming is where in the brain?

Answer 23

neocortex

Question 24

The cerebellum is associated with ___.

Answer 24

learning/conditioning

Question 25

In short-term memory, encoding is how memories are __, storage is how memories are __, and retrieval is how memories are __.

Answer 25

formed, retained, accessed

Question 26

Rehearsal, or active repetition, facilitates __ and __.

Answer 26

encoding, storage

Question 27

Which part of the Central Executive Model is involved in recoding?

Answer 27

executive control system

Question 28

Which part of the Central Executive Model initiates control and decision process, reasoning, and language comprehension?

Answer 28

executive control system

Question 29

Which part of the Central Executive Model is responsible for articulatory processes?

Answer 29

phonological loop

Question 30

Which part of the Central Executive Model transfers info to long-term memory?

Answer 30

executive control system

Question 31

What are the subsystems of explicit long-term memory?

Answer 31

holistic/contextual vs. verbal (or episodic vs. semantic)

Question 32

What are the subsystems of implicit long-term memory?

Answer 32

nonverbal, procedural, emotional

Question 33

___ memory is what allows us to recall things we’ve learned w/o knowing when and where we learned.

Answer 33

semantic

Question 34

Most of the neural substrates of explicit memory are in the ___ lobe or closely related to it.

Answer 34

temporal

Question 35

What brain areas are involved in explicit memory? [name 4]

Answer 35

hippocampus, rhinal cortices in the temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, nuclei in the thalamus

Question 36

What is the amygdala’s role in emotional memory? (i.e., implicit or explicit?, in memory retrieval?, in memory formation?)

Answer 36

implicit emotional memory system (vs. explicit): in memory retrieval, amygdala is linked to expression of emotional responses; in memory formation, to emotional memory.

Question 37

Where was patient HM injured?

Answer 37

bilateral medial temporal lobe

Question 38

What were HM’s symptoms?

Answer 38

unable to form long-term memories of new events or new semantic knowledge (anterograde amnesia)

Question 39

What could HM still do?

Answer 39

can recall old memories from childhood and pre-surgery

Question 40

Damage to hippocampal connections/pathways (e.g., fimbria-fornix, temporal stem, btwn posterior neocrotex and temporal lobe) can produce ___.

Answer 40

amnesia

Question 41

What 4 conclusions can be drawn from studies of hippocampal patients?

Answer 41

(1) anterograde deficits more severe than retrograde, (2) episodic more severe than semantic, (3) autobiographic greatly affected, (4) cannot ‘time travel’ to past or imagine future events (in which they play a personal role)