Lecture 8 Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
ability to acquire, retain, and retrieve information; a large umbrella term that consists of many different processes and (sub)systems
What are the phases of short-term memory?
encoding (memories are formed), storage (memories are retained), retrieval (memories are accessed)
What two types of long-term memory systems are there?
declarative (explicit) vs. non-declarative (implicit)
What subtypes of declarative (explicit) memory are there?
episodic vs. semantic
What type are priming, conditioning, and procedural learning examples of?
non-declarative (implicit) memory
What type of memory contributes to planning, reasoning, problem-solving, divided attention, performing simultaneous tasks?
working memory
The Central Executive Model of working memory has what three components?
executive control system supervises the concurrent transfer of info to and from phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad
Which part of the Central Executive Model recycles items for immediate recall?
phonological loop
Which part of the Central Executive Model transfers info to long-term memory?
executive control system
Explicit or declarative memory is involved in memory for __ and __.
events and facts
Episodic memory and semantic memory comprise ___ memory.
explicit
Autobiographical or ___ memory provides us w/ a crucial record of our personal experiences.
episodic
Evidence from individual cases suggests that ___ ___ lobe and ___ ___ lobe are involved in episodic memories.
medial temporal, ventral frontal
Semantic memory refers to [WHAT]?.
general knowledge about the world (textbook learning)
Researchers aren’t exactly sure where ___ memory processing occurs; some say hippocampus and related areas, while others think it’s widely spread especially in ___ fronto-temporal areas.
semantic, LEFT
Implicit memory is a type of long-term memory that does not [WHAT]?
does not require conscious thinking
In ___ memory, previous experiences aid in the performance of a task w/o conscious awareness of the previous experiences.
implicit
Daily, people rely on implicit memory in the form of ___ memory, that allows us to remember how to do specific things w/o consciously thinking about how.
procedural
Which brain areas are active during procedural memory?
motor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum
The habits we acquire during conditioning are stored in our ___ memory.
implicit (procedural)
Episodic memory is in the ___ frontal ___ lobe, and semantic memory is in the ___.
right, temporal, left
Skills and habits are in the ___ and motor cortex.
striatum
Priming is where in the brain?
neocortex
The cerebellum is associated with ___.
learning/conditioning
In short-term memory, encoding is how memories are __, storage is how memories are __, and retrieval is how memories are __.
formed, retained, accessed
Rehearsal, or active repetition, facilitates __ and __.
encoding, storage
Which part of the Central Executive Model is involved in recoding?
executive control system
Which part of the Central Executive Model initiates control and decision process, reasoning, and language comprehension?
executive control system
Which part of the Central Executive Model is responsible for articulatory processes?
phonological loop
Which part of the Central Executive Model transfers info to long-term memory?
executive control system
What are the subsystems of explicit long-term memory?
holistic/contextual vs. verbal (or episodic vs. semantic)
What are the subsystems of implicit long-term memory?
nonverbal, procedural, emotional
___ memory is what allows us to recall things we’ve learned w/o knowing when and where we learned.
semantic
Most of the neural substrates of explicit memory are in the ___ lobe or closely related to it.
temporal
What brain areas are involved in explicit memory? [name 4]
hippocampus, rhinal cortices in the temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, nuclei in the thalamus
What is the amygdala’s role in emotional memory? (i.e., implicit or explicit?, in memory retrieval?, in memory formation?)
implicit emotional memory system (vs. explicit): in memory retrieval, amygdala is linked to expression of emotional responses; in memory formation, to emotional memory.
Where was patient HM injured?
bilateral medial temporal lobe
What were HM’s symptoms?
unable to form long-term memories of new events or new semantic knowledge (anterograde amnesia)
What could HM still do?
can recall old memories from childhood and pre-surgery
Damage to hippocampal connections/pathways (e.g., fimbria-fornix, temporal stem, btwn posterior neocrotex and temporal lobe) can produce ___.
amnesia
What 4 conclusions can be drawn from studies of hippocampal patients?
(1) anterograde deficits more severe than retrograde, (2) episodic more severe than semantic, (3) autobiographic greatly affected, (4) cannot ‘time travel’ to past or imagine future events (in which they play a personal role)
