Chapters 24 & 26 Developmental & Neurological Disorders Flashcards
Bradley and Bryant suggest that normal reading initially requires __________.
a. lexical skills
b. phonemic awareness
c. graphemic skills
d. spatial concentration
b. phonemic awareness
Normal readers can discriminate between two auditory stimuli separated by intervals as brief as _____ ms.
a. 100
b. 60
c. 10
d. 250
c. 10
Developmentally dyslexic individuals tend to score low on which subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?
a. picture completion
b. arithmetic
c. object assembly
d. none of the above
b. arithmetic
__________ is the most common behavioral disturbance in children; it is characterized in part by impulsive behavior.
a. Hyperactive-child syndrome
b. Autism
c. Fetal alcohol syndrome
d. Cerebral palsy
a. Hyperactive-child syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome is a milder form of __________.
a. hyperactive-child syndrome
b. Down syndrome
c. autism
d. hyperlexia
d. hyperlexia
More boys than girls are diagnosed with __________.
a. hyperactive-child syndrome
b. fragile-X syndrome
c. autism
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Cerebral palsy is associated with __________.
a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma
d. early brain trauma
Geschwind-Galaburda is associated with __________.
a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma
b. fetal testosterone effects
Hyperlexia is associated with __________.
a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma
a. Asperger’s syndrome
Cerebellar abnormalities are associated with __________.
a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma
c. autism
__________ is treated by the insertion into one lateral ventricle of a valve and a tube that passes into a jugular vein to drain into the cardiac atrium.
a. Cerebral palsy
b. Hyperlexia
c. Fragile-X syndrome
d. Hydrocephalus
d. Hydrocephalus
__________ is a term describing unusual reading ability in otherwise cognitively impaired persons, such as children with Asperger’s syndrome.
a. Hypsography
b. Hyperlexia
c. Hypergraphia
d. Hypolexia
b. Hyperlexia
The symptoms of __________ with fragile-X syndrome are generally less severe than those of __________.
a. children, adults
b. adults, children
c. males, females
d. females, males
d. females, males
The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are worst if drinking takes place during the __________.
a. first trimester
b. second trimester
c. third trimester
d. last month of pregnancy
a. first trimester
The fact that kids who enter school at a younger age perform at a significantly lower level than their older classmates do, shows what is called the __________ effect.
a. maturational
b. birthday
c. seasonal
d. hockey
b. birthday
An infarct is __________.
a. a ballooning blood vessel
b. a region of dead tissue
c. a blood clot that blocks a major blood vessel
d. none of the above
b. a region of dead tissue
A clot or other plug that is brought through the blood to a point where it blocks a smaller blood vessel is called an __________.
a. embolism
b. aneurysm
c. infarct
d. ischemia
a. embolism
The term angioma best matches:
a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements
c. abnormal blood vessels
The term aneurysm best matches:
a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements
a. ballooning blood vessels
The term chorea best matches:
a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements
d. jerky movements
The term Babinski sign best matches:
a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements
b. extensor plantar response
Automatisms and feelings of déjà vu are commonly found in individuals with __________.
a. a focal head injury
b. rabies
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington’s chorea
c. epilepsy
Slow, involuntary facial movements that often occur with long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs are called __________.
a. athetosis
b. tardive dyskinesia
c. chorea
d. ataxia
b. tardive dyskinesia
The Brown-Séquard syndrome is indicative of __________.
a. frontal-lobe injury
b. viral brain infection
c. demyelination of pyramidal tracts
d. unilateral spinal cord damage
d. unilateral spinal cord damage
Narcolepsy is usually treated with __________.
a. hypnotherapy
b. antipsychotics
c. stimulants
d. vitamin B1
c. stimulants
The term cataplexy best matches:
a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
The term sleep paralysis best matches:
a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep
The term hypnagogic hallucinations best matches:
a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep
a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
__________ is a periodic cessation of respiration in sleep caused by a collapse of the oropharynx.
a. Obstructive sleep apnea
b. Central sleep apnea
c. Periodic sleep apnea
d. SIDS
a. Obstructive sleep apnea
Multiple sclerosis is more common and more rapid in __________.
a. females
b. males
a. females
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
mental retardation, stunted growth, congenital defects of face and head; caused by excessive alcohol intake by mother during pregnancy
FRAGILE-X SYNDROME
form of mental retardation caused by an abnormality in a fragile portion of the X chromosome
SAVANT SYNDROME
characterized by various degrees of mental retardation, along with some special, sometimes supranormal skill
HYPERLEXIA
condition in which one is a precocious reader or given to excessive reading, often without understanding the meaning of what is read
HABITUATION
gradual quantitative decrease in a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus
PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOS
a form of autism that does not meet specific criteria of autism
AUTISM
dominated by self-centered thoughts or behaviors not subject to change by external stimulation; in children (infantile autism), failure to relate normally to people or external stimulation, having severe language disorders and repetitive behaviors such as rocking
HYDROCEPHALUS
abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cranium, accompanied by enlargement of head, prominence of forehead, atrophy of brain, mental deterioration, and convulsions; if untreated, may cause death or severe mental/motor disabilities
CEREBRAL PALSY
group of disorders that result from brain damage acquired prenatally
HYPERACTIVE CHILD SYNDROME
low attention span and poor impulse control, which results in disruptive behavior
PHONOLOGICAL READING
reading that relies on sounding out the parts of words
GRAPHEMIC READING
reading in which the meaning of a word is derived from the picture that it makes as a whole (vs. phonological reading)
STREPHOSYMBOLIA
perception disorder in which objects seem reverse, as in a mirror; confusion btwn, e.g., letters such as b and d; tendency to read or write backwards
ACQUIRED DYSLEXIA
loss of reading ability caused by brain damage (vs. developmental dyslexia)
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA
inability to LEARN to read, even with opportunity and adequate instruction
APHASIA
defect or loss of the power of expression (speech, writing, signs), or of comprehending language (spoken or written) due to brain injury or disease
DYSLEXIA
difficulty reading
LEARNING DISABILITY
defined by work performance in a specific subject falling significantly below average
STROKE (a/k/a CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENT)
sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow
MYOCLONIC SPASMS
massive seizures consisting of sudden flexions or extensions of the body and often beginning with a cry
AKINETIC SEIZURES
seizures producing temporary paralysis of muscles, characterized by a sudden collapse without warning, most common in children
PETIT MAL ATTACK
seizure characterized by a loss of awareness during which there is no motor activity except blinking of eyes or turning of head and rolling of eyes; of brief duration (typically 10 seconds)
POSTICTAL
subsequent to a seizure
GRAND MAL ATTACK
seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and stereotyped, generalized convulsions
CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA
sleep disturbance in which breathing stops when a person falls into deep sleep; may be associated with muscle relaxation during dream sleep
OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA
constriction of breathing apparatus that results in loss of breath during sleep; thought to be a major cause of snoring
SLEEP APNEA
condition in which breathing stops when a person falls into deep sleep
HYPNOGOGIC HALLUCINATION
dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep
SLEEP PARALYSIS
inability to move on awakening from sleep
CATAPLEXY
condition in which a person collapses owing to loss of all muscle activity or tone; often triggered by emotional stimulus (e.g., anger, fear) and often associated with narcolepsy
SLEEP ATTACK
sudden loss of consciousness
INSOMNIA
inability to sleep
NARCOLEPSY
condition in which a person is overcome by uncontrollable, recurrent, brief episodes of sleep
NON-REM SLEEP
all segments of sleep excluding REM sleep
REM SLEEP
part of sleep during which rapid eye movements occur; associated with loss of muscle tone and vivid dreams
ELECTROOCULOGRAM (EOG)
electroencephalographic tracings made while a subject moves eyes a constant distance btwn two fixation points
POLYGRAPH
apparatus for simultaneously recording blood pressure, pulse, and respiration, and changes in electrical resistance of skin; a/k/a lie detector
BABINSKI SIGN (a/k/a EXTENSOR PLANTAR RESPONSE)
abnormal response to stimulation on sole of foot in which there is an upward, extensor movement of big toe; indicative of a corticospinal-tract lesion
HEMIPLEGIA
paralysis on one side of the body
BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME
condition of unilateral paralysis and loss of joint sensation and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation caused by damage to one half of spinal cord
SCLEROTIC PLAQUE
hardening or inflammation of connective tissue or blood vessels; often seen in brains of people with Alzheimer’s
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
disease of unknown cause in which there are patches of demyelination in CNS; may lead to motor weakness or incoordination, speech disturbance, and sometimes to other cognitive symptoms
POLIOMYELITIS
acute viral disease characterized by involvement of nervous system and possibly paralysis; there may be atrophy of affected muscles, leading to a permanent deformity
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
condition of fatigue and weakness of muscular system without sensory disturbance or atrophy; results from a reduction in acetylcholine available at the synapse
MALARIA
infections febrile disease caused by protozoa of genus Plasmodium, which are parasitic in red blood cells; transmitted by mosquitoes and marked with chills, fever, and sweating
AMEBIASIS
infection due to amebas
