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SCAF final > Chapters 24 & 26 Developmental & Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapters 24 & 26 Developmental & Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Bradley and Bryant suggest that normal reading initially requires __________.

a. lexical skills
b. phonemic awareness
c. graphemic skills
d. spatial concentration

A

b. phonemic awareness

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2
Q

Normal readers can discriminate between two auditory stimuli separated by intervals as brief as _____ ms.

a. 100
b. 60
c. 10
d. 250

A

c. 10

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3
Q

Developmentally dyslexic individuals tend to score low on which subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

a. picture completion
b. arithmetic
c. object assembly
d. none of the above

A

b. arithmetic

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4
Q

__________ is the most common behavioral disturbance in children; it is characterized in part by impulsive behavior.

a. Hyperactive-child syndrome
b. Autism
c. Fetal alcohol syndrome
d. Cerebral palsy

A

a. Hyperactive-child syndrome

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5
Q

Asperger’s syndrome is a milder form of __________.

a. hyperactive-child syndrome
b. Down syndrome
c. autism
d. hyperlexia

A

d. hyperlexia

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6
Q

More boys than girls are diagnosed with __________.

a. hyperactive-child syndrome
b. fragile-X syndrome
c. autism
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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7
Q

Cerebral palsy is associated with __________.

a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma

A

d. early brain trauma

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8
Q

Geschwind-Galaburda is associated with __________.

a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma

A

b. fetal testosterone effects

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9
Q

Hyperlexia is associated with __________.

a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma

A

a. Asperger’s syndrome

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10
Q

Cerebellar abnormalities are associated with __________.

a. Asperger’s syndrome
b. fetal testosterone effects
c. autism
d. early brain trauma

A

c. autism

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11
Q

__________ is treated by the insertion into one lateral ventricle of a valve and a tube that passes into a jugular vein to drain into the cardiac atrium.

a. Cerebral palsy
b. Hyperlexia
c. Fragile-X syndrome
d. Hydrocephalus

A

d. Hydrocephalus

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12
Q

__________ is a term describing unusual reading ability in otherwise cognitively impaired persons, such as children with Asperger’s syndrome.

a. Hypsography
b. Hyperlexia
c. Hypergraphia
d. Hypolexia

A

b. Hyperlexia

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13
Q

The symptoms of __________ with fragile-X syndrome are generally less severe than those of __________.

a. children, adults
b. adults, children
c. males, females
d. females, males

A

d. females, males

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14
Q

The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome are worst if drinking takes place during the __________.

a. first trimester
b. second trimester
c. third trimester
d. last month of pregnancy

A

a. first trimester

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15
Q

The fact that kids who enter school at a younger age perform at a significantly lower level than their older classmates do, shows what is called the __________ effect.

a. maturational
b. birthday
c. seasonal
d. hockey

A

b. birthday

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16
Q

An infarct is __________.

a. a ballooning blood vessel
b. a region of dead tissue
c. a blood clot that blocks a major blood vessel
d. none of the above

A

b. a region of dead tissue

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17
Q

A clot or other plug that is brought through the blood to a point where it blocks a smaller blood vessel is called an __________.

a. embolism
b. aneurysm
c. infarct
d. ischemia

A

a. embolism

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18
Q

The term angioma best matches:

a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements

A

c. abnormal blood vessels

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19
Q

The term aneurysm best matches:

a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements

A

a. ballooning blood vessels

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20
Q

The term chorea best matches:

a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements

A

d. jerky movements

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21
Q

The term Babinski sign best matches:

a. ballooning blood vessels
b. extensor plantar response
c. abnormal blood vessels
d. jerky movements

A

b. extensor plantar response

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22
Q

Automatisms and feelings of déjà vu are commonly found in individuals with __________.

a. a focal head injury
b. rabies
c. epilepsy
d. Huntington’s chorea

A

c. epilepsy

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23
Q

Slow, involuntary facial movements that often occur with long-term treatment with antipsychotic drugs are called __________.

a. athetosis
b. tardive dyskinesia
c. chorea
d. ataxia

A

b. tardive dyskinesia

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24
Q

The Brown-Séquard syndrome is indicative of __________.

a. frontal-lobe injury
b. viral brain infection
c. demyelination of pyramidal tracts
d. unilateral spinal cord damage

A

d. unilateral spinal cord damage

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25
Q

Narcolepsy is usually treated with __________.

a. hypnotherapy
b. antipsychotics
c. stimulants
d. vitamin B1

A

c. stimulants

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26
Q

The term cataplexy best matches:

a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep

A

b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse

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27
Q

The term sleep paralysis best matches:

a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep

A

c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep

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28
Q

The term hypnagogic hallucinations best matches:

a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations
b. sudden paralysis that results in complete collapse
c. paralysis in the transition between wakefulness and sleep

A

a. episodes of auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations

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29
Q

__________ is a periodic cessation of respiration in sleep caused by a collapse of the oropharynx.

a. Obstructive sleep apnea
b. Central sleep apnea
c. Periodic sleep apnea
d. SIDS

A

a. Obstructive sleep apnea

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30
Q

Multiple sclerosis is more common and more rapid in __________.

a. females
b. males

A

a. females

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31
Q

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

A

mental retardation, stunted growth, congenital defects of face and head; caused by excessive alcohol intake by mother during pregnancy

32
Q

FRAGILE-X SYNDROME

A

form of mental retardation caused by an abnormality in a fragile portion of the X chromosome

33
Q

SAVANT SYNDROME

A

characterized by various degrees of mental retardation, along with some special, sometimes supranormal skill

34
Q

HYPERLEXIA

A

condition in which one is a precocious reader or given to excessive reading, often without understanding the meaning of what is read

35
Q

HABITUATION

A

gradual quantitative decrease in a response after repeated exposure to a stimulus

36
Q

PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOS

A

a form of autism that does not meet specific criteria of autism

37
Q

AUTISM

A

dominated by self-centered thoughts or behaviors not subject to change by external stimulation; in children (infantile autism), failure to relate normally to people or external stimulation, having severe language disorders and repetitive behaviors such as rocking

38
Q

HYDROCEPHALUS

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the cranium, accompanied by enlargement of head, prominence of forehead, atrophy of brain, mental deterioration, and convulsions; if untreated, may cause death or severe mental/motor disabilities

39
Q

CEREBRAL PALSY

A

group of disorders that result from brain damage acquired prenatally

40
Q

HYPERACTIVE CHILD SYNDROME

A

low attention span and poor impulse control, which results in disruptive behavior

41
Q

PHONOLOGICAL READING

A

reading that relies on sounding out the parts of words

42
Q

GRAPHEMIC READING

A

reading in which the meaning of a word is derived from the picture that it makes as a whole (vs. phonological reading)

43
Q

STREPHOSYMBOLIA

A

perception disorder in which objects seem reverse, as in a mirror; confusion btwn, e.g., letters such as b and d; tendency to read or write backwards

44
Q

ACQUIRED DYSLEXIA

A

loss of reading ability caused by brain damage (vs. developmental dyslexia)

45
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL DYSLEXIA

A

inability to LEARN to read, even with opportunity and adequate instruction

46
Q

APHASIA

A

defect or loss of the power of expression (speech, writing, signs), or of comprehending language (spoken or written) due to brain injury or disease

47
Q

DYSLEXIA

A

difficulty reading

48
Q

LEARNING DISABILITY

A

defined by work performance in a specific subject falling significantly below average

49
Q

STROKE (a/k/a CEREBRAL VASCULAR ACCIDENT)

A

sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interruption of blood flow

50
Q

MYOCLONIC SPASMS

A

massive seizures consisting of sudden flexions or extensions of the body and often beginning with a cry

51
Q

AKINETIC SEIZURES

A

seizures producing temporary paralysis of muscles, characterized by a sudden collapse without warning, most common in children

52
Q

PETIT MAL ATTACK

A

seizure characterized by a loss of awareness during which there is no motor activity except blinking of eyes or turning of head and rolling of eyes; of brief duration (typically 10 seconds)

53
Q

POSTICTAL

A

subsequent to a seizure

54
Q

GRAND MAL ATTACK

A

seizure characterized by loss of consciousness and stereotyped, generalized convulsions

55
Q

CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA

A

sleep disturbance in which breathing stops when a person falls into deep sleep; may be associated with muscle relaxation during dream sleep

56
Q

OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA

A

constriction of breathing apparatus that results in loss of breath during sleep; thought to be a major cause of snoring

57
Q

SLEEP APNEA

A

condition in which breathing stops when a person falls into deep sleep

58
Q

HYPNOGOGIC HALLUCINATION

A

dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep

59
Q

SLEEP PARALYSIS

A

inability to move on awakening from sleep

60
Q

CATAPLEXY

A

condition in which a person collapses owing to loss of all muscle activity or tone; often triggered by emotional stimulus (e.g., anger, fear) and often associated with narcolepsy

61
Q

SLEEP ATTACK

A

sudden loss of consciousness

62
Q

INSOMNIA

A

inability to sleep

63
Q

NARCOLEPSY

A

condition in which a person is overcome by uncontrollable, recurrent, brief episodes of sleep

64
Q

NON-REM SLEEP

A

all segments of sleep excluding REM sleep

65
Q

REM SLEEP

A

part of sleep during which rapid eye movements occur; associated with loss of muscle tone and vivid dreams

66
Q

ELECTROOCULOGRAM (EOG)

A

electroencephalographic tracings made while a subject moves eyes a constant distance btwn two fixation points

67
Q

POLYGRAPH

A

apparatus for simultaneously recording blood pressure, pulse, and respiration, and changes in electrical resistance of skin; a/k/a lie detector

68
Q

BABINSKI SIGN (a/k/a EXTENSOR PLANTAR RESPONSE)

A

abnormal response to stimulation on sole of foot in which there is an upward, extensor movement of big toe; indicative of a corticospinal-tract lesion

69
Q

HEMIPLEGIA

A

paralysis on one side of the body

70
Q

BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME

A

condition of unilateral paralysis and loss of joint sensation and contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation caused by damage to one half of spinal cord

71
Q

SCLEROTIC PLAQUE

A

hardening or inflammation of connective tissue or blood vessels; often seen in brains of people with Alzheimer’s

72
Q

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A

disease of unknown cause in which there are patches of demyelination in CNS; may lead to motor weakness or incoordination, speech disturbance, and sometimes to other cognitive symptoms

73
Q

POLIOMYELITIS

A

acute viral disease characterized by involvement of nervous system and possibly paralysis; there may be atrophy of affected muscles, leading to a permanent deformity

74
Q

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

A

condition of fatigue and weakness of muscular system without sensory disturbance or atrophy; results from a reduction in acetylcholine available at the synapse

75
Q

MALARIA

A

infections febrile disease caused by protozoa of genus Plasmodium, which are parasitic in red blood cells; transmitted by mosquitoes and marked with chills, fever, and sweating

76
Q

AMEBIASIS

A

infection due to amebas

SCAF final (16 decks)

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