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BIOC192 > Lecture 9 -enymeeee > Flashcards

Lecture 9 -enymeeee Flashcards

1
Q

Life is

A

Inputs
And
Outputs

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2
Q

For any chemical or biological processes, there is a

A

Change in free energy, ^G

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3
Q

^G<0

A
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4
Q

Gibbs free energy

A

Total free energy in a system - enthopy and entropy

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5
Q

^G>0

A

Non-spontaneous; energy required

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6
Q

^G = 0

A

A

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7
Q

Life is not at…

A

Equilibrium

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8
Q

Spontaneous does not mean…

A

Fast

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9
Q

Whether someone is spontaneous depends on the ______ of the reaction, the rate of reaction depends on the _____

A

Energy (thermodynamics)
Speed (kinetics)

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10
Q

Biochemical synthesis and ______ usurps pathways of _____-______ steps. The network keeps (most) _____ _____ way from ______.

A

Biochemical synthesis and segregation uses pathways of enzyme-catalysed steps.
- the metabolic network keeps (most) individual steps away from equilibrium - if your at equilibrium work isn’t going to happen

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11
Q

How does coupling work?

A

Enzymes can couple a spontaneous reaction to a non-spontaneous one, to make the overall ^G < 0

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12
Q

Enzymes keep reactions away from..

A

..equilibrium

  • at equilibrium no work happens
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13
Q

Spontaneous does not equal

A

Fast

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14
Q

Reactions pass through high energy…

A

Transition states

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15
Q

What is required tho reach a transition state

A

Activation energy

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16
Q

Activation energy is required to reach…

A

The transition state

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17
Q

If reactants have more energy then the products…

A

… is a negative G
- will happen spontaneously

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18
Q

To get from reactants to products… must past through…

A

Transition state

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19
Q

Transition state of graph

A
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20
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Difference between reactants and transition state

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21
Q

Activation energy determines

A

How fast reaction will proceed

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22
Q

Enzymes can reduce

A

Activation energy of a particular reaction

23
Q

Enzymes…

A

… catalyse thermoduynamically favourable reactions by

24
Q

By decreasing activation energy of reaction…

A

Enymes accelerate the forward and reverse reactions equally
- mainly effect speed and kinetics

25
Q

When enzymes decrease activation energy and accelerate the forward and backward reactions, what happens to ^G

A

The overall ^G for the reaction is not changed

26
Q

What are enzymes ?

A

Proteins
Occasionally RNA

27
Q

What is an example of an enzyme

A

-glycogen phosporylase resaleses glucose from glycogen

Glycogen: stable store of glucose that is released when required by

28
Q

Why is it called glycogen phosphylase ?

A
  • it takes a phosphate group and attaches phosphate onto terminal glucose of the glycogen
  • this makes glucose-1 phosphate
29
Q

Why is enzyme needed

A
  • cos although reaction is spontaneous, without a lowered activation energy it will take fucking ages for it to reach the activation energy
  • decreased half life
30
Q

Classes of enzymes

A
  • oxidoreductases
  • transferases
  • hydrolases
  • lyases
  • isomerases
  • ligases
31
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

Redox (transfer of electrons)

32
Q

Transferases

A

Transfer of a functional group

33
Q

Hydrolases

A

Hydrolysis reactions (using H20)

34
Q

Lyases

A

Non-hydrolysis breaking or making of binds (not using H2O)

35
Q

Isomerases

A

Transfer of atoms/groups within a molecule to yield an isomeric form

36
Q

Ligases

A

Join two molecules together (i.e to form a new bond; usually coupled to ATP cleavage)

37
Q

Many enymes require other non-protein _____ to help them _______ ______

A

Many enzymes require other non-protein ‘factors’ to help them catalyse reactions

  • they provide chemical properties that can’t be provided by basic amino acid chain
38
Q

Two classes of cofactor

A
  • metal ions
  • coenzymes
39
Q

What kind of reactions are metal ions good co-factors for and why

A

They participate in acid-base catalysis as they are Lewis acids (i.e election acceptors)

40
Q

What does the cofactor metal ions form? What is that good for?

A

Form coordination compounds with precise geometries ( good for positioning reactants exactly where they need to be)

41
Q

Examples of metal ions

A

Mg2+ : DNA polymerase; hexokinase; pyruvate kinase
Zn2+: alchohol dehydrogenase; carbonic anhydrase
Fe2+ or Fe3+ : cytochrome oxidase; peroxidase

42
Q

What are coenzymes?

A
  • small organic molecules
  • co-substates
  • carriers (of electrons, atoms or functional groups)
  • are often derived from vitamins
43
Q

What is essential for coenzymes

A

Vitamins

44
Q

What cofactor facilitates glycogen phosphorlase activity

A

PLP

45
Q

What does PLP do?

A

facilitates glycogen phosphorlase activity

46
Q

How does PLP facilitate glycogen phosphorlase activity ?

A

PLP gets covalently attached to lysine residue within the active site of that enzyme which sits right next to the reactant
- PTM side chain at the heart of the enzyme
- really good for donating proton to the phosphate group that needs to be transferred

NOT USED UP DURING REACTION

47
Q

Reactions will proceed if

A

Kept away from equilibrium

48
Q

Enzymes couple ________ to _________

A

Enzymes couple spontaous reactions to non spontaneous e reactions
- otherwise you get stuck in metabolic pathway

49
Q

Enymes catalyse thermodynamically favourable reactions by lowering the activation energy

A

Yep

50
Q

Key concepts

A
  • Life is a network of reactions that is not at equilibrium (thus enabling useful work to be done)
  • enzymes increase reaction rates by lowering the energy required to reach the transition state
  • cofactorea are often required for catalysis (which is also why they’re required for your diet
51
Q

Life is a network of reactions that is not at equilibrium thus

A

Enabling useful work to be done

52
Q

Enzymes increase reaction rates by…

A

Lowering the energy required to reach the transition state

53
Q

Cofactors are often required for

A

Catalysis, which is why they’re required in your diet

BIOC192 (38 decks)

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