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BIOC192 > 26 > Flashcards

26 Flashcards

1
Q

What is beriberi caused by?

A

A thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency

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2
Q

Causes of thiamine deficiency

A
  • dietary intake of thiamine
  • anti-thiamine factors
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3
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Vitamins are organic
substances, which
means they’re made
by plants and animals

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4
Q

What are minerals

A

Minerals are inorganic
elements that come from
soil and water, and are
absorbed by plants or
eaten by animals

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5
Q

What is the main difference between vitamins and minerals

A

The primary difference between organic vs. inorganic compounds
is that organic compounds always contain carbon while
most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon. Also, nearly
all organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds.

Vatimins are fragile and can be destroyed by U.V light and heat
Minerals are much harder to destroy

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6
Q

How do different vitamins relate/ not relate ?

A

Not related chemically and differ in their physiological roles

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7
Q

Vitamins are ________ units and are not ______ _______

A

Vitamins are individual units and not linked together

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8
Q

Vitamins are _____ _______ but only requires in _____ ______ in the diet

A

Vitamins are essential nutrients but required only in small quantities in the diet

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9
Q

Which vitamin can our body make

A

Vitamin D

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10
Q

Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins

A

Yes

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11
Q
A

Yass

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12
Q

Vitamin absorbtion - fat souluble vs water soluble - differences - not examinabel

A

Fat soluble:
- initially enters the lymphatic system as a part of chylomicron
(Digested like fat by a micelle) - absorbed by fat

Water soluble:
- absorbed into portal blood

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13
Q

Water soluble vitamins where are they absorbed ?

A

Into portal blood

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14
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins excreted and when?

A

Generally excreted in the urine when plasma levels exceed renal thresholds

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15
Q

Are water soluble vitamins stored?

A

Not stored in large quantities in body tissues
- lower risk of toxicity
- therefore we must eat them more often

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16
Q

How is fat soluble vitamins is digested? Enter the body ? What part of the body?

A

Initially enters the
lymphatic system as part
of a chylomicron

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17
Q

Are fat soluble vitamins stored in the body? Where are they stored ?

A

Stored in greater quantities in body tissues – mainly liver, adipose and cell membranes
- higher risk of toxicity

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18
Q

Vitamin different divisions

A
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19
Q

How much of total body weight constitutes to minerals ?

A

4%

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20
Q

Minerals are responsible for

A

– Structural functions involving the skeleton and soft tissues
– Regulatory functions including neuromuscular transmission, blood
clotting, oxygen transport, and enzymatic activity

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21
Q

Mineral classification - Major (macro) - abundance in body? How much required by adults?

A

• Found in greater abundance in the body
• Required by adults in amounts greater than 100 mg/d

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22
Q

Mineral classification - trace (minor) - whys is called a trace? How much required by adults?

A

• Initially termed ‘trace’ because concentration in tissues not easily identified
• Required by adults in amounts < than 100 mg/d

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23
Q

Do not memorize, just appreciate the extent of physiological functions, food sources and consequences of inadequate intakes

A

Calcium
Iodine
Salismiuim - heart attack
Zinc

24
Q

Do not memorize, just appreciate the extent of physiological functions, food sources and consequences of inadequate intakes

A
25
Q
A
26
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Enzymes make reactions go faster by lowering the
activation energy

– Bind to their substrate at a location on the enzyme = active site
– But not all enzymes are able to catalyze reactions on their own
and need a co-factor or co-enzyme to function properly

27
Q

What are cofactors

A

Co-factors are more general term for small molecules required for the activity of their associated enzyme

– Not strictly carrying something - might be stabilizing the enzyme or
substrate or helping the reaction convert substrates

Includes inorganic ions: Mg Mn Mo Se Fe

28
Q

What is a co-enzyme

A

• Coenzyme are organic carrier molecules (carbon-based) that link to enzymes and are essential to the activitity of those enzymes
– Involved in transferring things from one molecule to another
– Many coenzymes are derived from vitamins

  • belong to the larger group called cofactors
29
Q

Vitamins and co-enzymes

A
30
Q

Co-factor mineral example - DNA polymerase

A

• DNA polymerase enzyme is responsible for helping with DNA synthesis

• DNA is a very negatively charged molecule due to negative -ve charged phosphate groups

• DNA polymerase uses positive charge Mg ion as a co-factor to stabilize the negative charge

31
Q

Beriberi - what does thiamine B1 do>

A

Thiamine (B1) serves as a coenzyme in the form of thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP) in a variety of metabolic processes

32
Q

What enzymes does TPP play a key role in? What are these enzymes involved in?

A

– Includes: transketolase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase,
pyruvate dehydrogenase and branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase

– These enzymes are involved in the pathways that allow the
production of ATP, NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate that are critical for generating cellular energy and downstream production of amino acids, nucleic acids and fatty acids

33
Q
A
34
Q

What does thiamine definition refer to

A

Refers to a lack of thiamine
pyrophosphate (TPP)

35
Q

Consequences of thiamine deficiency

A

thiamine deficiency has adverse consequences on energy production and nutrient metabolism = life threatening \

Affecting cardiovascular, nervous, muscle tone and immune systems

36
Q

When was beriberi discovered ? By who?

A

• Discovered in 1897 by Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch physician and pathologist

37
Q

BERI BERI Discovered in 1897 by Christiaan Eijkman, Dutch
physician and pathologist demonstrated that beriberi was caused by what?

A

caused by a poor diet
– Japanese navy sailing from Japan to Hawaii where 169 of 376
sailors contracted beriberi and 25 died -> infectious disease?

– Standard diet rations consisted mostly of polished white rice

– Another ship with crew along the same route fed a more
varied diet of meat, fish, barley, rice and beans -> diet induced

38
Q

Animal studies: of beri Beri - what prevented it?

A

Feeding unpolished rice to chickens helped to prevent beriberi

39
Q

White rice lacked some essential ingredient - which one?

A

Thiamine

40
Q
A
41
Q

Vitamin B1 is a ____-______ vitamin

A

Water soluble

42
Q

Structure of thiamine B1- and TTP

A
  • Aminopyrimidine ring linked to a thiazole ring by a methylene bridge
  • reacts with ATP to form TPP (addiction of two phosphate groups)
43
Q

Food sources if thiamine

A

Found in a wide variety of foodstuffs including seeds, beans, pork, spinach, cornflour and breakfast cereal

44
Q

Thiamine deficit can arise in two ways:

A

• Insufficient intake from the diet include lower absorption
or higher excretion rates than normal due to alcohol
dependence, HIV/AIDS, medications

45
Q

Early stages of thiamine deficiency

A

• Early stages, weight loss and anorexia, confusion, short-
term memory loss; muscle weakness and cardiovascular
symptoms (enlarged heart)

46
Q

Most common effect of thiamine defincincy

A

• Most common effect is beriberi, characterized by
peripheral neuropathy and wastin

47
Q

Symptoms of Dry Beri Beri

A
  • impaired sensory, motor and reflex functions
48
Q

What does wet Beri Beri cause (rare)

A

In rarer cases, wet beriberi causes congestive heart failure that leads to edema (overabundance of fluid in the tissues) in the lower limbs and, occasionally, death

49
Q

Kiribati facts

A
  • one of the most isolated counties in the world
    • made up of 33 isalends strethcing across equator
    • low lying nation with the highest point of many islands being only
      a few meters above sea level
  • vulnerable to climate chang and naturall disasters
  • climate is warm and humid all heat; average rainfall is very high but unpredictable
  • limited water respiurces
50
Q

Kiribati - intake of thiamine?

A

Poor intake of thiamine due to a very limited food supply – poor
variety – and staple diet of white polished rice

51
Q

Chronic alcoholism and thiamine

A

– ethanol reduces gastrointestinal absorption of
thiamine, liver thiamine stores and thiamine phosphorylation

52
Q

Anti-thiamine factors (ATF) what do they do

A

react with thiamine to form an oxidized,
inactive product

53
Q

What else related to Kiribati causes a thiamine depletion - ATF

A

– Large amounts of tea and coffee as well as chewing tea leaves
and betel nuts, are associated with thiamine depletion in humans

– Mycotoxins (molds) and thiaminases that break down thiamine in
food. Eating certain raw fresh-water fish, raw shellfish, or ferns
increase risk of thiamine deficiency because these foods contain
thiaminase that are normally inactivated by heat in cooking

54
Q

Acute treatment of beriberi

A

• Thiamine supplementation either orally, IV or intramuscular

55
Q

Long term treatment of beriberi

A
  • can we put something like thiamine into common food

BIOC192 (38 decks)

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