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Question 1

Sympt oms of Diabetes

Answer 1

• fatigue
• weight loss
• intense thirst
• frequent urination
• hyperglycaemia
• glucosuria
• ketones

Question 2

Insulin diabetes vs non insulin dependent

Answer 2

Learn the left one

Question 3

Maintenance of Blood Glucose During the Day
- diabetic vs not

Answer 3

Question 4

What happens if blood glucose goes low? Very low?

Answer 4

Signal to eat; – may get the “shakes”

If very low < 1 mmol L -1:

Sweating
Heartbeat increases
Sympathetic nervous system may induce vomiting

Cognitive impairment because there is no glucose to provide energy for the brain; can cause aggressive moods, convulsions and coma

Question 5

What happens if blood glucose goes high?

Answer 5

Non-enzymatic glycation of protein; esp. at Lys residues
Can target crucial structural proteins

Key examples include:
- Collagen in basement membranes of capillaries
- Crystalline protein of the eye, making the lens go opaque

Also, constriction of blood vessels leads to gangrene and limb amputations

Question 6

Long-term complications of high glucose

Answer 6

Type one and type 2 diabetes
- build up TAGs in blood
- may lose your sight

• nerves and blood flow is restricted due to basement membrane problems

Question 7

What kind of hormone is insulin

Answer 7

Peptide

Question 8

what is insulin synthesised by? What in?

Answer 8

pancreas by b cells

Question 9

What is insulin secreted in response to?

Answer 9

secreted in response to high
glucose (after a meal)

Question 10

What does insulin act on?

Answer 10

• acts on liver, muscle and adipose
tissue

6 kDa

Question 11

Actions of insulin

Answer 11

• actively starts things and actively stops thing
• uptake and storage of fuels - anabolic
• anti catabolic

Question 12

How do u measure how well insulin is working?

Answer 12

… do a glucose tolerance test

Question 13

Metabolic consequences of lack of insulin

Answer 13

• very similar to what happens in starvation

Question 14

Diagram of what’s happening when insulin doesn’t work

Answer 14

• no fed signal if insulin not present
• build up of TAGs
• increased risk of atherosclerosis

Mimic starvation

Question 15

Answer 15

(Glycosuria is glucose in the blood)

Question 16

Why are the ketone production bad?

Answer 16

Acetone is the bad smell found on diabitics before they die
Lowers ph

Question 17

Treatment of Diabetes Type 1

Answer 17

• injections of human insulin (recombinant human insulin)
• aim to mimic normal rise in insulin caused by meals
• hypoglycaemia caused by too much insulin
• coma when glucose < 1.0 mmol.L-1

Question 18

Treatment of Diabetes Type 2

Answer 18

Tissues resistant to insulin
∴ aim to increase sensitivity of tissues to insulin by:
weight loss
increased exercise hypoglycaemic drugs:
sulphonylureas
glitazones
(insulin injection, if necessary)

Western countries at epidemic level
High costs to health care from side effects such as blindness and cardiovascular disease

Question 19

Answer 19

Can mimic normal situations

Question 20

Long term complications of type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 20