15 Flashcards
Typical human cell:
Typical human cell;
50% protein
40% lipids
10% carbohydrates
Building blocks?
- carbon chains
- sugars
- amino acids
- sugar + base
Macromolecules
- lipids
- complex carbohydrates
- proteins
- Nuclei acid (RNA DNA)
Supramolecular assemblies
Memebrane
Ribosome
Chromosome
Organelles
Nucleus
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria
Macromolecules
Lipids
Complex carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Building blocks
Carbon chins
Sugars
Amino acids
Sugar + base
How glycolysis maintains regulation?
- respond to environment
- make and break molecules
- generate energy
- maintain itself
What determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribes to produce mRNA
Transcriptional control
What is transcriptional control
- determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribes to produce mRNA
What is the first step for determineing how many indiviaiual proteins are produced in a cell
Transcriptional control
The central dogma
- transcription control
- RNA processing and stablility
- translational control
- protein processing
- protein activities and stability
Every cell has exactly rhe same…
DNA
How many protein coding genes per cell
About 21,000
How many genes are expressed in any cell type?
11,000 to 17,000
How many genes are expressed in every single cell type?
10,000 (needed for basic cellular functions)
How many genes are unique to a specific cell type
1,000 to 2,000 - what makes a brain cell different form a heart cell
What is transcription
The process where a DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) into a RNA molecule
When a gene is transcribed it is said to be:
‘Turned on’ or ‘expressed’
Why is transcription considered a key control point?
- if a gene is transcribed it is used to make a protein (expressed)
- if a gene is not transcribed in a cell, it can’t be used to make a protein in that cell
Transciptrion is a pancreatic B cell vs a liver cell
How many bp of DNA
3,200,000,000
What are transcription factors?
Protein that bind to a specific DNA sequence and control the rate of transcription (DNA to RNA)
What is the promoter?
The DNA sequence at which transcription factors bind and recruit RNA polymerase
- determines if and how much a gene is transcribed
- contains short sequences that transcription factors bind to
What determines how much of a gene is transcipbed
The promoter
The promoter contains…
Short sequences that transcription factors bind to
How many promoter bp
What is the transcribed region?
Sequenced of DNA that are copied into RNA (transcribed)
- the transcribed RNA is processed so that it can be translated (intron sequences are removed)
What must happen to the PRE-RNA before the RNA is translated
Intron sequences must be removed
How do transaction factors control transcription ?
The gene is only expressed when both activator transcription factors are present and the repressor is absent
Diagram of what happens when not all transcription factors are present and repressor is there
Transcription factors in liver cells vs pancreatic B cells diagram
Pancreatic B cell and leptin
