15

Question 1

Typical human cell:

Answer 1

Typical human cell;
50% protein
40% lipids
10% carbohydrates

Question 2

Building blocks?

Answer 2

• carbon chains
• sugars
• amino acids
• sugar + base

Question 3

Macromolecules

Answer 3

• lipids
• complex carbohydrates
• proteins
• Nuclei acid (RNA DNA)

Question 4

Supramolecular assemblies

Answer 4

Memebrane
Ribosome
Chromosome

Question 5

Organelles

Answer 5

Nucleus
Golgi
ER
Mitochondria

Question 6

Macromolecules

Answer 6

Lipids
Complex carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 7

Building blocks

Answer 7

Carbon chins
Sugars
Amino acids
Sugar + base

Question 8

How glycolysis maintains regulation?

Answer 8

• respond to environment
• make and break molecules
• generate energy
• maintain itself

Question 9

What determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribes to produce mRNA

Answer 9

Transcriptional control

Question 10

What is transcriptional control

Answer 10

• determines when and in what cells a gene is transcribes to produce mRNA

Question 11

What is the first step for determineing how many indiviaiual proteins are produced in a cell

Answer 11

Transcriptional control

Question 12

The central dogma

Answer 12

• transcription control
• RNA processing and stablility
• translational control
• protein processing
• protein activities and stability

Question 13

Every cell has exactly rhe same…

Answer 13

DNA

Question 14

How many protein coding genes per cell

Answer 14

About 21,000

Question 15

How many genes are expressed in any cell type?

Answer 15

11,000 to 17,000

Question 16

How many genes are expressed in every single cell type?

Answer 16

10,000 (needed for basic cellular functions)

Question 17

How many genes are unique to a specific cell type

Answer 17

1,000 to 2,000 - what makes a brain cell different form a heart cell

Question 18

What is transcription

Answer 18

The process where a DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) into a RNA molecule

Question 19

When a gene is transcribed it is said to be:

Answer 19

‘Turned on’ or ‘expressed’

Question 20

Why is transcription considered a key control point?

Answer 20

• if a gene is transcribed it is used to make a protein (expressed)
• if a gene is not transcribed in a cell, it can’t be used to make a protein in that cell

Question 21

Transciptrion is a pancreatic B cell vs a liver cell

Answer 21

Question 22

How many bp of DNA

Answer 22

3,200,000,000

Question 23

What are transcription factors?

Answer 23

Protein that bind to a specific DNA sequence and control the rate of transcription (DNA to RNA)

Question 24

What is the promoter?

Answer 24

The DNA sequence at which transcription factors bind and recruit RNA polymerase

• determines if and how much a gene is transcribed
• contains short sequences that transcription factors bind to

Question 25

What determines how much of a gene is transcipbed

Answer 25

The promoter

Question 26

The promoter contains…

Answer 26

Short sequences that transcription factors bind to

Question 27

How many promoter bp

Answer 27

Question 28

What is the transcribed region?

Answer 28

Sequenced of DNA that are copied into RNA (transcribed)

• the transcribed RNA is processed so that it can be translated (intron sequences are removed)

Question 29

What must happen to the PRE-RNA before the RNA is translated

Answer 29

Intron sequences must be removed

Question 30

How do transaction factors control transcription ?

Answer 30

The gene is only expressed when both activator transcription factors are present and the repressor is absent

Question 31

Diagram of what happens when not all transcription factors are present and repressor is there

Answer 31

Question 32

Transcription factors in liver cells vs pancreatic B cells diagram

Answer 32

Question 33

Pancreatic B cell and leptin

Answer 33