37 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Only enough ATP for 1 second

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2
Q

Characteristics of anaerobic exercise and examples

A

• high intensity
• rapid generation of force
• short periods

• examples
- sprinting
- weight-lifting

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3
Q

Characteristics of aerobic exercise and examples

A

• low intensity
• prolonged, sustained exercise

e.g.
- long-distance running
- swimming
- walking

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4
Q

Approximate contribution of aerobic and anaerobic energy sources to total energy production in events of different durations involving maximal work

A

Longer = more aerobic and less anaerobic %
Shorter = less aerobic and more anaerobic %

The longer you exercise the more aerobic it must be

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5
Q

The longer you exercise the more ______ it must be

A

The longer you exercise the more aerobic it must be

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6
Q

What ways has muscle of regenerating ATP from ADP?

A

Anaerobic exercise: Does not require O2
• phosphocreatine
• glycogen

Aerobic exercise: Requires O2
• oxidation of glucose and fatty acids
(Oxidative phosphorylation to get ATP needs O2 as the terminal acceptor)

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7
Q

Phosphocreatine features

A

• is “on site”, “fast fuel”
• 20 µmol per g muscle
• is a ‘high-energy phosphate’ compound (there is a bond
that can be hydrolysed to make ATP)
• phosphate can be transferred to ADP to make ATP

Made from Gly, Arg and Met (in liver but transferred to muscle)
20 µmol/g — lasts ~10 s
- Energy buffering system

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8
Q
A
  • creative can be converted back if ATP is available
  • excess creative is excreted in urine (can test if kidneys are \
    functioning)
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9
Q

Creatine

A
  • there is a relationship between how much creative is in your muscles and how long you can stay on a bicycle
  • but nothing to do with long distance running
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10
Q

Glycogen - features of how it is a fuel in anaerobic exersie

A

• is an ‘on-site’ store of glucose in muscle
• is mobilised to glucose 1-phosphate by glycogen
phosphorylase
• glucose 1-phosphate is converted to glucose 6-
phosphate
• glucose 6-phosphate is the fuel for anaerobic glycolysis

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11
Q

How glycolysis is activated via adrenaline on muscle cell

A
  • Adrenaline binds to beta adrenergic receptors on muscle cells
  • when the hormone binds, a protein is bound to the receptor (GTP binds to the receptor) and there is a conformational change that releases the protein
  • this protein then interacts with membrane bound adenlyte cyclase which will convert ATP into cAMP
  • the GTP attached to the protein is hydrolysed back to GDP and will detach from the adenlyte cyclase
  • if the hormone is still bound to the receptor, the protein can reaccociate with the receptor and bind another GTP, and reaccocaite with adencyclease again and make more cAMP
  • will build up cAMP as long as the adrenaline is bound the the receptor
  • the cAMP activates a kinase which phosphrilayes another kinase etc, then glycogen phosphrilayse is activated and will cleave off a glucose from glycogen
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12
Q

Adrenaline binds to beta adrenergic receptors on muscle cells which stimulates…

A

the mobilisation of glycogen to provide fuel for glycolysis

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13
Q
A
  • lactate is acidic, it builds up and the you get fatigue and the acidic it’s interrupts muscle contraction and slows down the key enzyme in the glycosidic pathway - phosphofukatkinisase
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14
Q

Anaerobic Glycolysis features

A

• muscle glycogen source of fuel
• O 2 not required
• ATP generated by substrate-level-phosphorylation
• pyruvate reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD+
• ATP generation very rapid but for short time only
• lactate can cause muscle pH to drop, thus fatigue

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15
Q

What is glycogen mobilisation stimulated by in excercising muscle?

A

by Ca++ and adrenaline (stress hormone)

(Calcium also helps with contraction)

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16
Q

Regulation of glycolysis in exercising muscle - what’s happening with phosphofructokinase activity

A

phosphofructokinase activity is increased by allosteric
regulators:
+ AMP
+ Pi

17
Q

Where do we get AMP from? How do muscles make good use of ADP?

A

ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP
adenylate kinase (myokinase)

AMP can then and go and upregulate glycolysis to get things through glycolysis faster

18
Q

Aerobic Generation of ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

A

• blood supplies fuels
• blood supplies O2
• active citric acid cycle
• electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

Why is the inner mitochondrial membrane less permeable the the outer in the mitochondria ?

A

Cos u don’t want protons to go across it

20
Q

What’s carnitine up to?

A
  • there is an enzyme in inner mitochondrial membrane which covalently attached the acryl chain to carnatine
  • protein called carnotineacyltransfertase carrier and moves it into the matrix where another enzyme cleaves the FA and acetyl-carnatine and re-estifys the CoA to the FA chain for beta oxidation
  • carnatine then pushed back out for reloading

We can make carnatine in our bodies and is in our diet
- therefore taking a supplement wont doing anything unless ur removing from heart surgery

21
Q

Aerobic Generation of ATP by oxidation of glucose and fatty acids - marathon example

A

Balance of aerobic but save a little anarobic
- need to know how much anarobic u have to save for the last sprint dash

22
Q

Aerobically trained rely less on glycogen “top up”

A
  • dip into glycogen content later allowing you to go further
23
Q
A

Glycogen keeps ya going for longer

24
Q

Which is anarobic and which is aerobic ? Type 1 fibres and type 2 fibres

A

Type 2 is anaerobic

25
Q
A
26
Q
A

Muscle is specialised for the function
- develop correct muscle for training for the right excerise

27
Q

Muscle adaptations to endurance training

A

• Selective hypertrophy of Type I (aerobic) fibres
• Increased number of blood capillaries per muscle fibre
• Increased myoglobin content
• Increased size and number of mitochondria; increased
cristae
• Increased capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP by
oxidative phosphorylation
• Increased capacity to oxidise lipid and carbohydrate

28
Q
A
29
Q

Time course of training and detraining adaptations in mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle

A
30
Q

Performance enhancing drugs

A

• EPO doping (erythropoietin increases red blood cell count – give you more O2)
– recombinant EPO

• Anabolic steroids (more muscle)

• Growth factors (more muscle)
– recombinant IGF-1, GH

31
Q

Will gene therapy be appropriated?
- improving muscle content

A

The below transcription factors control the genes (upregulate transcription) for development of mitochondria