Lecture 9: energy 2 Flashcards
What is unique about plants foraging strategies?
They are sissile, they can grow roots and leaves or move roots and leaves to locations of increases resources.
What was the barlie experiment?
They planted the barlie and then partitioned the layers of soil the plant’s roots were in and look at how plants grew there resource structures (roots) to varying levels of resource abundance.
Under homogeneous resource availability, how do plant roots grow?
They grow pretty uniformly.
What happens when the level of nutrients was higher in one location than the other around the roots?
The roots would grow more root shoots in areas with greater resources.
Why dose Potassium not show a differnt effect on the root system?
The levels of potassium given could have not been the limiting resource, so there was no need for optimal foraging.
What do Trophic/Trophy/Troph all have in common?
They all have to do with eating
What is Autotrophy?
use inorganic sources of
carbon and energy
- Photosythesis
- Chemosythesis
What is heterotrophy?
Use of organic sources of carbon and energy.
What are the two major forms of autotrophy?
Photosynthesis
Chemosythesis
What is PAR?
Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Why is PAR important?
Photosynthesis requires light. Thus, the quantity and quality of light influences photosynthesis rates.
What is Light Partitioning?
Tallest trees are adapted to high levels of light.
Medium sized trees are adapted to moderate levels of light.
Small plants are adapted to low levels of light
What happens to par as you get closer to the canopy of a forest?
It increases.
Thus it decreases the closer to the ground you go.
Within water, what wavelengths of light get absorbed, and in what order
1st. Red
2nd. orange
3rd. yellow
4th. purple
5th. green
6th(last) blue light
What is the Euphotic zone of water?
the Sunlight zone.
sunlight rarely penetrates below this layer.
rich with photosynthesis.
What is the Dysphotic zone?
(Twilight zone) Sunlight decreases rapidly with depth,
photosynthesis is not possible here.
What is the aphotic zone?
(midnight zone) Sunlight does not penetrate at all. this zone is bathed in darkness
How far can PAR penetrate in water?
100-200m only
If light was unlimited, would that mean that you would be able to unlimited absorb the resource?
No, there is always limitations.
What are Photosynthetic response curves
A graph that looks at net photosynthetic rate as a function of Photon flux density.
(energy limitations in plants)
What features should you look for on a Photosynthetic response curves?
- All curves will saturate (you can increase the light all you want, but it will level out. the platue)
- I(sat) which the light intensity value where they can no longer increase their photosynthetic rate.
- The P(max) which the max photosynthetic rate the pant can achieve
- LCP: the light intensity where photosynthetic rate is greater than respiration
What are the two major types of plants?
Light plants
&
Shade plants
What is C3 Photosynthesis?
- It is what most plants do (The default Photosynthesis)
What is happening during Photosynthesis?
Capturing energy from light, then using carbon dioxide and light to make carbon acids, and then sugars.
What is the role of a stoma?
Exchange of gases and water from plant to environment
What is the process of C3 Photosynthesis?
Slide 18 (have to know that diagram)
- know what are light reactions
- know what are dark reactions
What is the issue with stoma overall?
Opening stomata wastes water, and RUBUSCO is ineffective at high temperatures
What are the adaptations to stoma in other plants
- open stomata less often to save water (C4 Photosynthesis)
- Open stomata when fewer water losses will occur (CAM Photosynthesis)
What is C4 Photosynthesis?
(Slide 21, know this diagram)
- A type of Photosynthesis that increases the CO2 efficiency
Main things to know about C4 Photosynthesis
The reactions are divided between two cells rather than one (seen in C3)
- in the place of making a C3 acid, they make a C4 acid.
- reactions can happen at much lower concentrations of CO2
How can C4 Photosynthesis plants go without opening their stoma as often as C3 plants
They don’t have to open the stoma as often as their reactions happen with much lower concentrations of CO2
Why are there so few C4 plants in edmonton
C4 plants have evolved in areas with high environmental temperatures.
It is too cold for them to preform the C4 photosythesis.
What is CAM Photosynthesis?
(know the diagram on slide 24)
- we have plants that vary the reactions that occur during different times of day.
- they open the stoma at night when the amount of water evaporation is lower
- then they do the other reactions during the day.
Where is CAM Photosynthesis seen most often/
areas in high temperature and low amounts of water in the environment.
What are the five main things that influence Feeding rate?
- Animals can only physically shove so much food in their mouths
- time to digest, make room for more food
- Time to find food
- Time to handle and process food
- Sometimes it’s safer to hide than to eat.
What is a Type I functional response curve?
- Feeding rate increases linearly to -incipient limiting concentration-(ILC)
- At ILC feeding rate levels off abruptly.
What is a Type II functional response curve?
Feeding rate increases linearly at low concentrations, at a slower rate moderate concentrations.
Then levels off at high concentrations
What is an exsample of a Type I response curve animal
Zooplankton
what is Chemosythesis?
Oxygen and Hydrogen sulfide are absorbed by the animals, and bacteria within the animals break down the Hydrgon sulfire and use this energy to create surges
- energy from breaking bonds of molecules
What is an example of a type II response curves?
Moose, wolves, bears, charismatic megafauna
What is a Type III functional response curve?
-Feeding rates are S-shaped; low at low food densities increases greatly at intermediate food densities, then levels off at high food densities.
What is an example of a Type III response curve animal?
Animals hiding form predators, starved animals
What is Optimal Foraging theory?
Describes how organisms feed as optimizing process (maximizes or minimizes some quantity, such as energy intake or predication risk)
What are the three areas Optimal Foraging theory attempts to find the answer to?``
- What an animal will eat
- When an animal will eat
- Where an animal will eat
overall it is an attempt to understand behavior.
in summery what is C3 Photosynthesis?
- Typical photosythesisi
- requires moderate light
in summery what is C4 Photosynthesis?
- Similar to C3, but uses different cells
- Common to plants found in arid enviorments
in summery what is CAM Photosynthesis?
- Actually occurs at night, minimal light
- common in succulent plants
in summery what is CAM Photosynthesis?
- Actually occurs at night, minimal light
- common in succulent plants
What kind of Photosynthesis is found in rain-forest plants?
C3 7 C4
