Lecture 10: How does organism behavior influence fitness?

Question 1

Natural Selection favors Behavior that increases the ______ Fitness of the Individual

Answer 1

Inclusive

Question 2

Individuals are selected for or Against, which in turn causes _______

Answer 2

Evolution within a population

Question 3

Distribution of work based on age is found in bees, how dose it work?

Answer 3

• younger bees inside hine

- older bees outside the hive

Question 4

What makes bees work?

Answer 4

Work behavior tied to levels
of a specific protein kinase:
More PKG = Work Outside
Less PKG = Work Inside
\

Question 5

What is Inclusive fitness?

Answer 5

An individuals overall fitness is determined by its survival and reproduction, plus the reproduction of its relatives

Question 6

Behavioral interactions between two individuals may have _______ or ______ effects on either individual

Answer 6

Positive or Negitive

Question 7

What is Cooperation interactions?

Answer 7

• Both donor and recipient benefit

Question 8

What is a Altruism interaction?

Answer 8

• Recipient benefits, donor is harmed/gets nothing.

Question 9

What is a selfish interaction

Answer 9

• only donor benefits

Question 10

What is a Spite interaction?

Answer 10

Neither the donor or the recipient benefit

Question 11

Cooperation and Selfishness should be selected for by natural selection because…..

Answer 11

They increase donor fitness

Question 12

Altruism and Spite should not be selected for by natural selection because……

Answer 12

they decrease donor fitness.

Question 13

Cooperation happens when…

Answer 13

The two organisms have a clear benefit from the interaction

Question 14

Altruism happens when…..

Answer 14

Kin selection occurs

Question 15

What is Kin selection?

Answer 15

Selection in which individuals increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of relatives (kin) that are not offspring.

Question 16

What is the Coefficient of relationship?

Answer 16

The probability that the alleles at a given locus will be identical by descent among two individuals in the population

Question 17

Altruistic behavior is expected if:

Answer 17

the ratio of cost/Benefits is less than the coefficient of relationship.

Question 18

What is the Obliagte Brood Parasite?

Answer 18

(species has to lay eggs in the nests of other birds)

Question 19

How do the Obligate brood parasite work?

Answer 19

Often the parasitized bird
doesn’t notice. This is
manipulation, because
the recipient has no
means to prevent the
interaction.

Question 20

What is Sociality?

Answer 20

Usually consist of a group of individuals living together, involving some degree of cooperation between individuals

Question 21

The evolution of Sociaity is generally accomplished by:

Answer 21

• cooperative feeding
• Defense of the social group
• limiting of reproductive opportunities

Question 22

What are Cooperative breeders?

Answer 22

• Living groups
• Several adults help the offspring.
• defense
• Prepare/maintain living area
• feed young

Question 23

What dose cooperative breeding work?

Answer 23

members of the group are often relatives of each other.

• inclusive fitness
• “tit for tat” - if you help the group, they will help you.
• Experence help with rearing young

Question 24

What are three examples of social behavior in animals?

Answer 24

Mutual grooming
Group protection of young
Highly complex societies (ants)

Question 25

What is Eusociality?

Answer 25

Highly complex social behavior

Question 26

What is Eusocial?

Answer 26

these Animals usually have three major characteristics:

1. Individuals of more than one generation live
   together
2. Cooperative care of young
3. Division of individuals into sterile/nonreproductive and reproductive castes.

Question 27

What are some of the factors that could have lead to the evolution of Eusocial animals?

Answer 27

• Kin selection may play a role (increase inclusive fitness)
• Ecological constraints may play a role. (need large populations to accomplish larger tasks i.e termite mounds)
  Helps prevent water loss and predation.

Question 28

What are some of the common strategist of Eusocial organisms?

Answer 28

Females are usally largest (one person dose all the reproduction)

while the rest of the community take up the rest of the tasks.

smallest ones are there to collect food & maintain the nest.

Large males take a defensive role.

Question 29

A group of male lions are called what?

Answer 29

Collations.

Question 30

What is Ethology?

Answer 30

The study of behavior

Question 31

What are the two most common forms of Sociality?

Answer 31

Cooperative breeding

Eusociality