Lecture 10: How does organism behavior influence fitness? Flashcards
Natural Selection favors Behavior that increases the ______ Fitness of the Individual
Inclusive
Individuals are selected for or Against, which in turn causes _______
Evolution within a population
Distribution of work based on age is found in bees, how dose it work?
- younger bees inside hine
- older bees outside the hive
What makes bees work?
Work behavior tied to levels of a specific protein kinase: More PKG = Work Outside Less PKG = Work Inside \
What is Inclusive fitness?
An individuals overall fitness is determined by its survival and reproduction, plus the reproduction of its relatives
Behavioral interactions between two individuals may have _______ or ______ effects on either individual
Positive or Negitive
What is Cooperation interactions?
- Both donor and recipient benefit
What is a Altruism interaction?
- Recipient benefits, donor is harmed/gets nothing.
What is a selfish interaction
- only donor benefits
What is a Spite interaction?
Neither the donor or the recipient benefit
Cooperation and Selfishness should be selected for by natural selection because…..
They increase donor fitness
Altruism and Spite should not be selected for by natural selection because……
they decrease donor fitness.
Cooperation happens when…
The two organisms have a clear benefit from the interaction
Altruism happens when…..
Kin selection occurs
What is Kin selection?
Selection in which individuals increase their inclusive fitness by helping increase the survival and reproduction of relatives (kin) that are not offspring.
What is the Coefficient of relationship?
The probability that the alleles at a given locus will be identical by descent among two individuals in the population
Altruistic behavior is expected if:
the ratio of cost/Benefits is less than the coefficient of relationship.
What is the Obliagte Brood Parasite?
(species has to lay eggs in the nests of other birds)
How do the Obligate brood parasite work?
Often the parasitized bird doesn’t notice. This is manipulation, because the recipient has no means to prevent the interaction.
What is Sociality?
Usually consist of a group of individuals living together, involving some degree of cooperation between individuals
The evolution of Sociaity is generally accomplished by:
- cooperative feeding
- Defense of the social group
- limiting of reproductive opportunities
What are Cooperative breeders?
- Living groups
- Several adults help the offspring.
- defense
- Prepare/maintain living area
- feed young
What dose cooperative breeding work?
members of the group are often relatives of each other.
- inclusive fitness
- “tit for tat” - if you help the group, they will help you.
- Experence help with rearing young
What are three examples of social behavior in animals?
Mutual grooming
Group protection of young
Highly complex societies (ants)
What is Eusociality?
Highly complex social behavior
What is Eusocial?
these Animals usually have three major characteristics:
- Individuals of more than one generation live
together - Cooperative care of young
- Division of individuals into sterile/nonreproductive and reproductive castes.
What are some of the factors that could have lead to the evolution of Eusocial animals?
- Kin selection may play a role (increase inclusive fitness)
- Ecological constraints may play a role. (need large populations to accomplish larger tasks i.e termite mounds)
Helps prevent water loss and predation.
What are some of the common strategist of Eusocial organisms?
Females are usally largest (one person dose all the reproduction)
while the rest of the community take up the rest of the tasks.
smallest ones are there to collect food & maintain the nest.
Large males take a defensive role.
A group of male lions are called what?
Collations.
What is Ethology?
The study of behavior
What are the two most common forms of Sociality?
Cooperative breeding
Eusociality
