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Human Physiology > lecture 9: endocrine system > Flashcards

lecture 9: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what are hormones

A

chemicals that are released into the blood stream
travel to specific target cells

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2
Q

where are hormones released from

A

endocrine glands
endocrine cells

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3
Q

what are exocrine glands

A

excrete things outside the body
like sweat glands

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4
Q

which other system is endocrine system closely related to

A

nervous system
both systems coordinate and direct activity of body’s cells

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5
Q

what is the main difference between nervous system and endocrine system

A

communication
nervous system is way faster than endocrine system

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6
Q

most hormones are regulated by what

A

negative feedback
regulates hormone levels (turn off own production)
allows body to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

describe the pathway of regulation of pH

A

low pH in duodenum
S cells of duodenum secrete secretin
target = pancreas = releases bicarbonate
increases pH
secretin release stops

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8
Q

a few hormones are regulated by what

A

positive feedback

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9
Q

explain example of positive feedback suckling

A

oxytocin stimulates contraction of smooth muscles in breasts to release milk
suckling = more oxytocin = more milk =
more suckling

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10
Q

what does oxytocin do (childbirth)

A

stimulates contractions during childbirth

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11
Q

where is oxytocin produced and stored

A

produced in hypothalamus
stored in posterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

what are the 2 types of hormones and their subdivisions

A

water soluble: polypeptides and amines
lipid soluble: steroids and amines

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13
Q

name all water soluble hormones (9)

A

(polypeptides)
insulin
growth hormone
oxytocin
PTH
calcitonin
thymosin

(amines)
epinephrine
norepinephrine
melatonin

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14
Q

name all lipid soluble hormones (5)

A

(steroids)
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
corticosteroids

(amines)
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

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15
Q

which type of hormone binds to an extra cellular receptor

A

water soluble
lipid soluble binds to intra cellular receptor because it can cross the barrier

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16
Q

describe intracellular receptors

A

lipid soluble hormones can cross plasma membrane and bind to receptors
often act as transcription factors

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17
Q

describe extracellular receptors

A

water soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane and must bind to
receptors on plasma membrane
binding to receptor will initiate intracellular pathways (enzyme activation, gene expression)

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18
Q

why do hormones act at a specific location and not everywhere in body (since they are released into blood stream)

A

target cells have the specific receptor for the hormone

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19
Q

what is the hypothalamus

A

neuroendocrine tissue
connects endocrine and nervous system

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20
Q

what do neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus produce

A

oxytocin
ADH (anti diuretic hormone)
hormones that regulate release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

what is the posterior pituitary

A

continuous with hypothalamus
stores and secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus

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22
Q

name the 2 hormone secreted from posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and ADH

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23
Q

describe oxytocin (posterior pituitary)

A

stimulates contraction of uterus and mammary glands
secretion is regulated by nervous system

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24
Q

describe ADH (posterior pituitary)

A

promotes water retention (acts on collecting ducts of kidneys)
secretion regulated by hypothalamus in response to blood osmolarity

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25
Q

describe anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamus produced hormones that regulate anterior pituitary
anterior pituitary produces many hormones

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26
Q

name and describe the hormones hypothalamus produces to regulate anterior pituitary

A

releasing hormones = stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary

inhibiting hormones = inhibits release of hormones from anterior pituitary

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27
Q

how does hypothalamus regulate anterior pituitary (pathway)

A

secretes the hormones (releasing/inhibiting) into blood and acts on anterior pituitary

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28
Q

name all 8 hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin, TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
endorphins

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29
Q

describe target and effect of growth hormone (GH)

A

target = liver, bones and other tissues
effect = stimulates growth and metabolism

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30
Q

describe abnormalities of growth hormone (GH) - 3 conditions

A

gigantism = excessive GH during development
acromegaly = excessive GH during adulthood
hypopituitary dwarfism = childhood GH deficiency

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31
Q

describe target and effect of prolactin (PRL)

A

target = mammary glands
effect = stimulates milk production and secretion

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32
Q

describe target and effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

target = ovaries and testes
effect = stimulates production of sperm and ova (follicle maturation)

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33
Q

describe target and effect of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

target = ovaries and testes
effect =
ovaries - triggers ovulation and release of estrogen/progesterone
testes - testosterone production

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34
Q

describe target and effect of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

target = thyroid gland
effect = stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormone

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35
Q

describe target and effect of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

target = adrenal cortex (outer layer of adrenal glands)
effect = stimulates production of glucocorticoids (like cortisol)

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36
Q

describe target and effect of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

target = melanocytes (skin pigmentation)
effect = stimulates production of melanin

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37
Q

describe target and effect of endorphins

A

target = nervous system
effect = inhibits pain perception (mimicked by heroin and other opiate drugs)

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38
Q

what are tropic hormones

A

have other endocrine tissues as their target

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39
Q

give 2 examples of tropic hormones

A

hypothalamic releasing hormones
anterior pituitary hormones

40
Q

which anterior pituitary hormones are tropic

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

41
Q

generally describe the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis

A

external conditions —> hypothalamus —> releasing hormone —> anterior pituitary —> tropic hormone —> endocrine gland —> hormone

(the hormones released inhibit the cycle, negative feedback mechanism)

42
Q

describe pathway (basic) using TRH (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)

A

thyroid releasing hormone —> TSH —> thyroid gland —> thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

43
Q

describe pathway (basic) using corticotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)

A

corticotropin releasing hormone —> ACTH —> adrenal cortex —> glucocorticoids

44
Q

describe pathway (basic) using
gonadotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-endocrine organ axis)

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone —> LH & FSH —> gonads —> sex hormones

45
Q

what does TSH do (thyroid gland)

A

stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone (TH)

46
Q

what does thyroid hormone consist of

A

2 iodine containing amine hormone
triiodothyronine (T3)
thyroxine (T4)

47
Q

what does thyroid hormone regulate

A

metabolic processes

48
Q

how is the level of thyroid hormone in blood regulated (and explain)

A

by negative feedback
TH inhibits release of TSH from anterior pituitary and release of TRH from hypothalamus

49
Q

name 2 thyroid disorders

A

hyperthyroidism
hypothyroidism

50
Q

describe hyperthyroidism

A

excessive secretion of thyroid hormone

51
Q

describe hypothyroidism

A

insufficient production of thyroid hormone
symptom = goiter (associated with iodine deficiency)

52
Q

why does hypothyroidism cause goiter

A

no negative feedback occurs
thyroid gland is overstimulated by TSH

53
Q

what is a goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid gland

54
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands on back of thyroid gland

55
Q

what do parathyroid glands do

A

release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

56
Q

describe parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

peptide hormone
raises Ca2+ (calcium) levels in blood

57
Q

how does parathyroid hormone raise calcium levels

A

by stimulating
osteoclasts to break down bone
kidneys to reabsorb calcium and activate vitamin D (helps absorption of calcium in intestines)

58
Q

what does thyroid gland do

A

releases calcitonin

59
Q

what is calcitonin

A

peptide hormone
lowers calcium levels in blood by promoting uptake of calcium by bones

60
Q

what regulates blood calcium levels

A

calcitonin and PTH

61
Q

describe the relationship between calcitonin and PTH

A

antagonistic hormones
they have opposing effects

62
Q

when would calcitonin be released

A

when calcium levels are high

63
Q

when would PTH be released

A

when calcium levels are low

64
Q

describe pineal gland

A

small mass of tissue near center of mammalian brain

65
Q

what does pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

66
Q

what is the secretion of melatonin regulated by

A

light/dark cycles
via the SCN

67
Q

describe regulation of blood sugar by insulin (where is it secreted by and function and when it’s released)

A

secreted by beta cells (pancreas)
lowers blood sugar levels by stimulating cells to take up glucose
released in response to high blood sugar

68
Q

describe regulation of blood sugar by glucagon (where is it secreted by and function and when it’s released)

A

secreted by alpha cells (pancreas)
raises blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscles
released in response to low blood sugar

69
Q

what are some symptoms of diabetes mellitus

A

frequent urination
excess thirst
excess hunger
ketones in urine

70
Q

name and briefly describe the types of diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 = insulin dependent diabetes
type 2 = non insulin dependent diabetes

71
Q

describe type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

autoimmune disorder
beta cells destroyed

72
Q

describe type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

target cells have decreased sensitivity to insulin

73
Q

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

insulin injection

74
Q

what is the treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

medication
lifestyle and diet changes

75
Q

describe thymus gland

A

produces a peptide hormone called thymosin

76
Q

what does thymosin do

A

stimulates development of T lymphocytes

77
Q

what is erythrocyte production regulated by

A

the hormone erythropoietin

78
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

produced in kidneys
in response to low O2 levels in tissues (hypoxia)
to stimulate production of RBCs (erythropoiesis)

79
Q

what is melatonin

A

amine hormone
affects biological rhythms
like sleep, appetite, body temp

80
Q

what is released from adrenal medulla

A

catecholamines (norepinephrine/epinephrine)

81
Q

what is the secretion of catecholamines regulated by

A

nervous system

82
Q

what are the effects of catecholamines

A

raises blood glucose levels (breakdown of glucose)
sympathetic effects (increase HR, divert blood into skeletal muscle/skin from digestive system, dilates pupils, etc)

83
Q

what is released from adrenal cortex (3)

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
mineral corticoids (ex=aldosterone)
sex hormones (androgens)

84
Q

name the corticosteroids (released from adrenal cortex)

A

glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids

85
Q

what is the secretion of glucocorticoids regulated by

A

ACTH

86
Q

what is the secretion of mineralcorticoids regulated by

A

angiotensin II

87
Q

what are the effects of glucocorticoids

A

raises blood glucose levels (gluconeogensis)
reduces inflammation

88
Q

what is gluconeogensis

A

synthesis of glucose from fats and proteins

89
Q

what are the effects of mineralcorticoids

A

regulates salt water balance in body
(reabsorption of Na* and secretion of K+ in the kidneys)

90
Q

what does the adrenal gland regulate

A

stress

91
Q

describe how adrenal medulla regulates stress

A

short term stress response
stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to activate sympathetic nervous system
epinephrine/norepinephrine

92
Q

describe how adrenal cortex regulates stress

A

long term stress response
stressful stimuli causes hypothalamus to secrete releasing hormone that stimulants release of ACTH from anterior pituitary
corticosteroids

93
Q

what are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine in regulation of stress

A

glycogen broken down to glucose = increased blood glucose
increased blood pressure
increased breathing rate
increased metabolic rate
changes in blood flow patterns = leads to increased alertness and decreased digestive,
excretory and reproductive system activity

94
Q

what are the effects of mineralcorticoids in regulation of stress

A

retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
increased blood volume and blood pressure

95
Q

what are the effects of glucocorticoids in regulation of stress

A

proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose = increased blood glucose
partial suppression of immune system

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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