lab 1: animal physiology Flashcards
define dorsal
towards the backbone
define ventral
away from the back (towards the tummy)
define anterior
towards the head
define posterior
away from the head
define lateral
away from midline
define medial
closer to midline
define external
towards the surface
define internal
away from the surface (towards the inside)
how to know if fetal pig is female
presence of clitoris
urogenital opening at base of papilla near tail
how to know if fetal pig is male
presence of scrotal sac
urogenital opening near umbilical cord
describe liver
Stores extra carbs as glycogen
Detox of chemicals
Disposes of components of damaged blood cells
Produces bile salts
describe gallbladder
Stores bile and releases it into the upper region of small intestine (duodenum) via bile duct
describe small intestine
Finalizes digestion and absorbs nutrients
describe large intestine
Reabsorbs water and some vitamins or minerals
describe caecum
Contains bacteria important for digestion of plant matter
describe rectum
Stores indigestible material (feces) before excretion via anus
describe spleen
Removes old red blood cells
Stores lymphocytes and red blood cells
describe stomach
Digestion of proteins
describe pancreas
Secretes digestive enzymes into duodenum
Produces hormones, insulin and glucagon, to regulate blood glucose levels
describe kidney
Filters blood
Produces urine (osmoregulation and nitrogen waste excretion)
describe ureter
Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder
describe urinary bladder
stores urine
name parts that only a female fetal pig has
ovaries
uterine horn
name parts that only a male fetal pig has
testis
penis
describe ovary
Produces ova (female gametes) and male sex hormones
describe uterine horn
Development of fetus
describe testis
may be undescended
Produces sperm (male gametes) and male sex hormones
describe penis
Insemination of female
Urination (urethra)
describe bulbourethral glands
Contribute to seminal fluid
describe larynx
contains vocal cords
describe trachea
Carries air from larynx to lungs
Branches into bronchi, bronchioles and ends in sacs called alveoli (where gas exchange happens)
describe thymus (3 lobes)
Site of T-lymphocyte development
Produces hormones that stimulate lymphocyte development
describe thyroid
Produces hormones involved in regulation of metabolism
describe esophagus
Carries food from pharynx to stomach
describe heart and name its parts
pumps blood throughout circulatory system
Right atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Aorta
Ductus arteriosus - only present in fetus
Anterior and posterior vena cavae
Describe lungs
site of gas exchange
describe diaphragm
Muscle that separates abdominal and thoracic cavities
Contraction causes it to move downward during inhalation (*negative pressure breathing)
describe ductus arteriosus
shunt between pulmonary artery and aorta
closes at birth when lungs become functional
name and describe the 2 major veins returning blood to heart
Anterior (superior) vena cava - drains head, neck and arms
Posterior (inferior) vena cava - drains all tissues located below the heart
describe hard palate
Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity (anterior)
describe soft palate
Separates nasal cavity from oral cavity (posterior)
describe pharynx
Passageway for food to esophagus and air to the larynx
describe nasopharynx
Nasal passageway into pharynx
describe epiglottis
Flap of tissue that covers glottis (opening to larynx) when swallowing
describe sympathetic trunk
Part of autonomic nervous system
Fight or flight response
Contains ganglia
Describe spinal cord
Part of central nervous system
Encased in backbone/vertebrae
describe dorsal root
Contains sensory neurons
Joins with ventral root to form spinal nerves
describe dorsal root ganglion
Located in dorsal root
Contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
describe spinal nerves
Contains sensory and motor neurons
Part of peripheral nervous system
