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Human Physiology > lecture 6: respiratory system > Flashcards

lecture 6: respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is function of respiratory system

A

exchange O2/CO2
uptake O2 and expel CO2

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2
Q

what does cellular respiration produce

A

CO2

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3
Q

what does too much CO2 in blood cause

A

causes blood to become acidic

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4
Q

how many processes does respiration involve

A

4

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5
Q

name the 4 respiration processes

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
internal respiration

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6
Q

describe pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into lungs

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7
Q

describe external respiration

A

exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs and blood
gas exchange

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8
Q

describe transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood

A

hemoglobin and bicarbonate

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9
Q

describe internal respiration

A

exchange of O2/CO2 between blood and tissues

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10
Q

describe respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
cilia and mucus trap dust, particles and pollen
beating cilia move mucus towards pharynx to be swallowed

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11
Q

pseudo stratified columnar lines the

A

nasal cavity
trachea and bronchi (cilia beats upwards, away from lungs)

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12
Q

what happens to nose when it’s cold out

A

runs
cilia get cold and beat less

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13
Q

describe air entering nasal cavity

A

enter through nostrils
air is filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified and sampled for odors
pharynx connects nasal cavity to larynx

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14
Q

name parts of larynx

A

epiglottis
vocal fold
thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

describe epiglottis (larynx)

A

covers glottis (opening to larynx) while swallowing

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16
Q

describe vocal folds (larynx)

A

vocal cords
membranes that produce sound when air passes through

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17
Q

describe thyroid cartilage (larynx)

A

hyaline cartilage shaped like shield
reinforces larynx walls
includes adams apple

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18
Q

what is trachea

A

10-12 cm long windpipe reinforced with C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

describe cartilage of trachea

A

keeps trachea open for air to pass
C shaped to allow esophagus to expand
ciliated cells in trachea move mucus up away from lungs

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20
Q

what does trachea branch into

A

trachea —> 2 primary bronchi —> secondary bronchi —> tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles

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21
Q

name parts of lungs (3 parts)

A

bronchi and bronchioles (respiratory tree)
alveoli
elastic connective tissue

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22
Q

describe lung alveoli

A

sac like structures at end of bronchioles
lined with simple squamous epithelium
forms bulk of lungs (~300 million)

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23
Q

describe elastic connective tissue of lungs

A

makes lungs spongy and soft and allows them to expand

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24
Q

what is surface area of lungs

A

100m^2
many branches allow surface area for exchange to increase

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25
Q

what is pleura

A

serous membrane

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26
Q

name parts of pleura

A

visceral pleura
parietal pleura
pleural cavity

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27
Q

describe visceral pleura

A

inner
covers lungs

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28
Q

describe parietal pleura

A

outer
attached to chest wall

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29
Q

describe pleural cavity

A

space between the visceral and parietal pleura
filled with serous fluid that allows lungs to expand without friction

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30
Q

describe how lungs expand

A

expand with thoracic cavity
serous fluid in pleural cavity creates tight bond between parietal and visceral pleura
pleural layers can slide past each other easy but can’t be pulled apart

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31
Q

describe alveoli (gas exchange)

A

walls of alveoli much thinner than sheet of tissue
simple squamous
must be moist for diffusion to occur

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32
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by

A

dense network of pulmonary capillaries to form respiratory surface (respiratory membrane)

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33
Q

describe respiratory membrane

A

alveolar wall + fused basal lamina + capillary wall form respiratory membrane (air blood barrier)

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34
Q

how does gas exchange occur

A

simple diffusion across respiratory membrane (2 cell layers)

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35
Q

what produces surfactant

A

scattered cuboidal cells of respiratory membrane

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36
Q

describe gas exchange

A

O2 and CO2 move by passive diffusion
from high to low concentration
partial pressure is proportional to concentration

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37
Q

describe gas exchange of external respiration

A

alveoli/pulmonary capillaries
CO2 diffuses into alveoli (45–>40 mmHg)
O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries (104–>40 mmHg)

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38
Q

describe gas exchange of internal respiration

A

systemic capillaries/tissues
CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries (45–>40 mmHg)
O2 diffuses into tissues (100–>40 mmHg)

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39
Q

describe ventilation

A

humans ventilate lungs by negative pressure breathing
diaphragm and rib cage muscles contract to increase volume of thoracic cavity

40
Q

why does air enter the lungs when thoracic cavity expands

A

P1V1=P2V2
v decreases and pressure increases

41
Q

how does pleura allow us to breathe

A

parietal pleura (wall of thoracic) and visceral (lungs) cannot be pulled apart - easily slide past each other
if thoracic cavity expands the lungs expand with it

42
Q

describe inspiration

A

muscles contract

43
Q

describe external intercostal muscles during inspiration

A

contract and pull ribs upwards and sternum outwards

44
Q

describe diaphragm during inspiration

A

contracts and moves downward
volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand
air pressure in alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure and air moves in

45
Q

describe expiration

A

muscles relax

46
Q

describe external intercostal muscles during expiration

A

relax
ribs move back downwards and sternum inwards

47
Q

describe diaphragm during expiration

A

relaxes and moves back upwards
volume of thoracic cavity decreases and lungs passively recoil
air pressure in alveoli becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and air moves out

48
Q

name 2 other types of breathing (not at rest)

A

during vigorous exercise
forced expiration

49
Q

describe breathing during vigorous exercise

A

muscles in neck, back and chest contract to raise rib cage even more
increase ventilation volume

50
Q

describe forced expiration

A

internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage inwards
abdominal muscles contract topush up on diaphragm
ex: coughing, sneezing, blowing out candle

51
Q

describe surfactant

A

detergent like molecule substance
makes it easier for alveoli to stay open and expand during inspiration

52
Q

what does surfactant do

A

reduces surface tension of fluid within alveoli

53
Q

when to fetuses begin to produce surfactant

A

24-28 weeks
premature - problem (lungs will not expand)

54
Q

what is a collapsed lung

A

when bond between parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted
lungs will no longer expand during inspiration (will recoil)
caused by air or fluid entering pleura cavity (like in a chest wound)

55
Q

how much O2 does person consume during exercise

A

~2L of O2 per minute

56
Q

how much O2 does person consume normally

A

4.5 mL of O2 can dissolve per litre of blood

57
Q

what would happen if only dissolved O2 was available

A

the heart would need to pump 500L of blood every 2 mins

58
Q

how is most of O2 in blood carried

A

by respiratory pigment hemoglobin
increases amount of O2 in blood to ~200mL per L

59
Q

what is the part of hemoglobin that binds oxygen

A

heme group

60
Q

what does erythrocyte stand for

A

bags of hemoglobin

61
Q

when is hemoglobin synthesized

A

when cells are developing in bone marrow

62
Q

how does hemoglobin bind O2

A

reversible and cooperatively
makes gas exchange more efficient

63
Q

what does O2 binding to one subunit cause

A

other subunits to change shape and increase affinity for O2

64
Q

what does O2 unbinding cause

A

hemoglobin decreases affinity for O2

65
Q

as PO2 increases

A

rate of O2 binding to hemoglobin increases

66
Q

steep slope portion of dissociation curve shows

A

cooperativity (brining of O2 to hemoglobin)

67
Q

a slight change in PO2 in tissues causes

A

hemoglobin to unload/load a substantial amount of O2
more O2 unloaded to tissues that are very metabolically active (low PO2)
less O2 will be unloaded to tushes that have higher PO2

68
Q

name and describe 2 factors that affect hemoglobin

A

temperature - affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases with increasing body temp
pH - affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as pH decreases (Bohr effect)

69
Q

describe transport of gasses in blood of CO2

A

CO2 primarily transported as bicarbonate ions dissolved in blood plasma

70
Q

what happens inside rbcs (transport of CO2)

A

inside rbcs CO2 reacts with water to from carbonic acid (catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, also catalyzes reverse reaction)

71
Q

as CO2 levels increase

A

equilibrium shifts to right increasing concentration of H+ and lowering pH

72
Q

describe transport of gasses in blood of CO2 - distribution (percentages)

A

bicarbonate ions - 70%
dissolved CO2 - 7%
bound to the amino groups in hemoglobin - 23%

73
Q

name all 4 respiratory volumes

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

74
Q

describe tidal volume

A

TV
volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath
~500mL at rest

75
Q

describe inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV
volume of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
1900-3100mL

76
Q

describe expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV
volume of air that can be expired forcibly beyond the tidal volume
700-1200mL

77
Q

describe residual volume

A

RV
volume of air that always remains in lungs
needed to keep alveoli open
newly inhaled air is always mixed with O2 depleted residual air
PO2 in alveoli will always be lower than atmospheric PO2

78
Q

what is a respiratory capacity

A

combo of two or more respiratory volumes

79
Q

name all 3 respiratory capacities

A

inspiratory capacity
vital capacity
total lung capacity

80
Q

describe inspiratory capacity

A

IC = TV + IRV

81
Q

describe vital capacity

A

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

82
Q

describe total lung capacity

A

TLC = VC + RV = (TV + IRV + ERV) + RV

83
Q

what is dead space

A

volume of air that remains in passageways (~150mL of TV)
does not contribute to gas exchange

84
Q

name the 3 pulmonary function tests

A

forced vital capacity
forced expiratory volume
minute ventilation

85
Q

describe forced vital capacity

A

FVC
volume of gas forcibly expelled after taking a a deep breath

86
Q

describe forced expiratory volume

A

FEV
volume of gas expelled during a specific time interval of FVC
healthy individuals can expel 80% of FVC in 1 sec (FEV1)

87
Q

describe minute ventilaton

A

rough estimate of respiratory efficiency
volume of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 min
normal at rest ~6L/min
normal with exercise ~200L/min

88
Q

how do we control our breathing (names)

A

voluntary (conscious control)
involuntary (autonomic control)

89
Q

describe voluntary control of breathing (generally)

A

conscious control
limited
respiratory centers in brain will ignore messages from brain cortex if O2 levels are too low or pH levels are too low or high

90
Q

describe involuntary control of breathing (generally)

A

autonomic control
coordinated with cardiovascular system
and body’s metabolic demands for gas exchange
control centers in brain (medulla/pons) regulate the rate and depth of breathing

91
Q

describe involuntary control of respiration (specifics)

A

medulla oblongata sets basic breathing rhythm by sending signals to the diagram and internal intercostal muscles to contract
pons helps smooth out the rhythm set by medulla

92
Q

what is the stimuli (involuntary control of respiration)

A

change in blood pH
low O2 levels
stretching of alveoli

93
Q

what are the receptors (involuntary control of respiration)

A

sends info to medulla
pH sensors in medulla (measures CSF)
O2 sensor in aorta and carotid arteries in the neck
stretch receptors in lungs

94
Q

what are the effectors (involuntary control of respiration)

A

diaphragm
internal intercostal muscles

95
Q

which stimulus is most important for breathing

A

change in blood pH

96
Q

decrease in pH levels is caused by…

A

increasing CO2 levels
CO2 is converted into carbonic acid

97
Q

what is a pulmonary function test

A

tests that measure the rate of gas movement

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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