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Human Physiology > lecture 6: respiratory system > Flashcards

lecture 6: respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is function of respiratory system

A

exchange O2/CO2
uptake O2 and expel CO2

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2
Q

what does cellular respiration produce

A

CO2

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3
Q

what does too much CO2 in blood cause

A

causes blood to become acidic

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4
Q

how many processes does respiration involve

A

4

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5
Q

name the 4 respiration processes

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood
internal respiration

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6
Q

describe pulmonary ventilation

A

movement of air into lungs

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7
Q

describe external respiration

A

exchange of O2/CO2 between lungs and blood
gas exchange

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8
Q

describe transport of O2 and CO2 in the blood

A

hemoglobin and bicarbonate

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9
Q

describe internal respiration

A

exchange of O2/CO2 between blood and tissues

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10
Q

describe respiratory epithelium

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
cilia and mucus trap dust, particles and pollen
beating cilia move mucus towards pharynx to be swallowed

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11
Q

pseudo stratified columnar lines the

A

nasal cavity
trachea and bronchi (cilia beats upwards, away from lungs)

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12
Q

what happens to nose when it’s cold out

A

runs
cilia get cold and beat less

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13
Q

describe air entering nasal cavity

A

enter through nostrils
air is filtered by hairs, warmed, humidified and sampled for odors
pharynx connects nasal cavity to larynx

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14
Q

name parts of larynx

A

epiglottis
vocal fold
thyroid cartilage

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15
Q

describe epiglottis (larynx)

A

covers glottis (opening to larynx) while swallowing

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16
Q

describe vocal folds (larynx)

A

vocal cords
membranes that produce sound when air passes through

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17
Q

describe thyroid cartilage (larynx)

A

hyaline cartilage shaped like shield
reinforces larynx walls
includes adams apple

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18
Q

what is trachea

A

10-12 cm long windpipe reinforced with C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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19
Q

describe cartilage of trachea

A

keeps trachea open for air to pass
C shaped to allow esophagus to expand
ciliated cells in trachea move mucus up away from lungs

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20
Q

what does trachea branch into

A

trachea —> 2 primary bronchi —> secondary bronchi —> tertiary bronchi —> bronchioles

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21
Q

name parts of lungs (3 parts)

A

bronchi and bronchioles (respiratory tree)
alveoli
elastic connective tissue

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22
Q

describe lung alveoli

A

sac like structures at end of bronchioles
lined with simple squamous epithelium
forms bulk of lungs (~300 million)

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23
Q

describe elastic connective tissue of lungs

A

makes lungs spongy and soft and allows them to expand

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24
Q

what is surface area of lungs

A

100m^2
many branches allow surface area for exchange to increase

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25
what is pleura
serous membrane
26
name parts of pleura
visceral pleura parietal pleura pleural cavity
27
describe visceral pleura
inner covers lungs
28
describe parietal pleura
outer attached to chest wall
29
describe pleural cavity
space between the visceral and parietal pleura filled with serous fluid that allows lungs to expand without friction
30
describe how lungs expand
expand with thoracic cavity serous fluid in pleural cavity creates tight bond between parietal and visceral pleura pleural layers can slide past each other easy but can’t be pulled apart
31
describe alveoli (gas exchange)
walls of alveoli much thinner than sheet of tissue simple squamous must be moist for diffusion to occur
32
what are alveoli surrounded by
dense network of pulmonary capillaries to form respiratory surface (respiratory membrane)
33
describe respiratory membrane
alveolar wall + fused basal lamina + capillary wall form respiratory membrane (air blood barrier)
34
how does gas exchange occur
simple diffusion across respiratory membrane (2 cell layers)
35
what produces surfactant
scattered cuboidal cells of respiratory membrane
36
describe gas exchange
O2 and CO2 move by passive diffusion from high to low concentration partial pressure is proportional to concentration
37
describe gas exchange of external respiration
alveoli/pulmonary capillaries CO2 diffuses into alveoli (45–>40 mmHg) O2 diffuses into pulmonary capillaries (104–>40 mmHg)
38
describe gas exchange of internal respiration
systemic capillaries/tissues CO2 diffuses into systemic capillaries (45–>40 mmHg) O2 diffuses into tissues (100–>40 mmHg)
39
describe ventilation
humans ventilate lungs by negative pressure breathing diaphragm and rib cage muscles contract to increase volume of thoracic cavity
40
why does air enter the lungs when thoracic cavity expands
P1V1=P2V2 v decreases and pressure increases
41
how does pleura allow us to breathe
parietal pleura (wall of thoracic) and visceral (lungs) cannot be pulled apart - easily slide past each other if thoracic cavity expands the lungs expand with it
42
describe inspiration
muscles contract
43
describe external intercostal muscles during inspiration
contract and pull ribs upwards and sternum outwards
44
describe diaphragm during inspiration
contracts and moves downward volume of thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand air pressure in alveoli becomes lower than atmospheric pressure and air moves in
45
describe expiration
muscles relax
46
describe external intercostal muscles during expiration
relax ribs move back downwards and sternum inwards
47
describe diaphragm during expiration
relaxes and moves back upwards volume of thoracic cavity decreases and lungs passively recoil air pressure in alveoli becomes higher than atmospheric pressure and air moves out
48
name 2 other types of breathing (not at rest)
during vigorous exercise forced expiration
49
describe breathing during vigorous exercise
muscles in neck, back and chest contract to raise rib cage even more increase ventilation volume
50
describe forced expiration
internal intercostal muscles contract pulling ribcage inwards abdominal muscles contract topush up on diaphragm ex: coughing, sneezing, blowing out candle
51
describe surfactant
detergent like molecule substance makes it easier for alveoli to stay open and expand during inspiration
52
what does surfactant do
reduces surface tension of fluid within alveoli
53
when to fetuses begin to produce surfactant
24-28 weeks premature - problem (lungs will not expand)
54
what is a collapsed lung
when bond between parietal and visceral pleura is disrupted lungs will no longer expand during inspiration (will recoil) caused by air or fluid entering pleura cavity (like in a chest wound)
55
how much O2 does person consume during exercise
~2L of O2 per minute
56
how much O2 does person consume normally
4.5 mL of O2 can dissolve per litre of blood
57
what would happen if only dissolved O2 was available
the heart would need to pump 500L of blood every 2 mins
58
how is most of O2 in blood carried
by respiratory pigment hemoglobin increases amount of O2 in blood to ~200mL per L
59
what is the part of hemoglobin that binds oxygen
heme group
60
what does erythrocyte stand for
bags of hemoglobin
61
when is hemoglobin synthesized
when cells are developing in bone marrow
62
how does hemoglobin bind O2
reversible and cooperatively makes gas exchange more efficient
63
what does O2 binding to one subunit cause
other subunits to change shape and increase affinity for O2
64
what does O2 unbinding cause
hemoglobin decreases affinity for O2
65
as PO2 increases
rate of O2 binding to hemoglobin increases
66
steep slope portion of dissociation curve shows
cooperativity (brining of O2 to hemoglobin)
67
a slight change in PO2 in tissues causes
hemoglobin to unload/load a substantial amount of O2 more O2 unloaded to tissues that are very metabolically active (low PO2) less O2 will be unloaded to tushes that have higher PO2
68
name and describe 2 factors that affect hemoglobin
temperature - affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases with increasing body temp pH - affinity of hemoglobin for O2 decreases as pH decreases (Bohr effect)
69
describe transport of gasses in blood of CO2
CO2 primarily transported as bicarbonate ions dissolved in blood plasma
70
what happens inside rbcs (transport of CO2)
inside rbcs CO2 reacts with water to from carbonic acid (catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, also catalyzes reverse reaction)
71
as CO2 levels increase
equilibrium shifts to right increasing concentration of H+ and lowering pH
72
describe transport of gasses in blood of CO2 - distribution (percentages)
bicarbonate ions - 70% dissolved CO2 - 7% bound to the amino groups in hemoglobin - 23%
73
name all 4 respiratory volumes
tidal volume inspiratory reserve volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume
74
describe tidal volume
TV volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath ~500mL at rest
75
describe inspiratory reserve volume
IRV volume of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume 1900-3100mL
76
describe expiratory reserve volume
ERV volume of air that can be expired forcibly beyond the tidal volume 700-1200mL
77
describe residual volume
RV volume of air that always remains in lungs needed to keep alveoli open newly inhaled air is always mixed with O2 depleted residual air PO2 in alveoli will always be lower than atmospheric PO2
78
what is a respiratory capacity
combo of two or more respiratory volumes
79
name all 3 respiratory capacities
inspiratory capacity vital capacity total lung capacity
80
describe inspiratory capacity
IC = TV + IRV
81
describe vital capacity
VC = TV + IRV + ERV
82
describe total lung capacity
TLC = VC + RV = (TV + IRV + ERV) + RV
83
what is dead space
volume of air that remains in passageways (~150mL of TV) does not contribute to gas exchange
84
name the 3 pulmonary function tests
forced vital capacity forced expiratory volume minute ventilation
85
describe forced vital capacity
FVC volume of gas forcibly expelled after taking a a deep breath
86
describe forced expiratory volume
FEV volume of gas expelled during a specific time interval of FVC healthy individuals can expel 80% of FVC in 1 sec (FEV1)
87
describe minute ventilaton
rough estimate of respiratory efficiency volume of gas that flows into or out of the respiratory tract in 1 min normal at rest ~6L/min normal with exercise ~200L/min
88
how do we control our breathing (names)
voluntary (conscious control) involuntary (autonomic control)
89
describe voluntary control of breathing (generally)
conscious control limited respiratory centers in brain will ignore messages from brain cortex if O2 levels are too low or pH levels are too low or high
90
describe involuntary control of breathing (generally)
autonomic control coordinated with cardiovascular system and body’s metabolic demands for gas exchange control centers in brain (medulla/pons) regulate the rate and depth of breathing
91
describe involuntary control of respiration (specifics)
medulla oblongata sets basic breathing rhythm by sending signals to the diagram and internal intercostal muscles to contract pons helps smooth out the rhythm set by medulla
92
what is the stimuli (involuntary control of respiration)
change in blood pH low O2 levels stretching of alveoli
93
what are the receptors (involuntary control of respiration)
sends info to medulla pH sensors in medulla (measures CSF) O2 sensor in aorta and carotid arteries in the neck stretch receptors in lungs
94
what are the effectors (involuntary control of respiration)
diaphragm internal intercostal muscles
95
which stimulus is most important for breathing
change in blood pH
96
decrease in pH levels is caused by…
increasing CO2 levels CO2 is converted into carbonic acid
97
what is a pulmonary function test
tests that measure the rate of gas movement

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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