lab 2: histology

Question 1

define parfocal

Answer 1

all objectives are adjusted to the same plane of focus

Question 2

which 2 parts of the microscope magnify

Answer 2

the eyepiece and objective

Question 3

how is total magnification found

Answer 3

product of magnification of eyepiece times magnification of objective

Question 4

define coarse adjustment

Answer 4

move stage up and down to get rough focus

Question 5

define fine adjustment

Answer 5

move stage up and down to get fine focus

Question 6

define ocular/eyepiece

Answer 6

part to look into microscope, contains lenses to increase magnification

Question 7

define objectives

Answer 7

contains lenses of different magnification on a revolving nose piece

Question 8

define stage

Answer 8

supports specimen, has opening which allows light to come through from light source underneath, mechanical stage knobs control positioning of slide

Question 9

define iris diaphragm

Answer 9

opening underneath stage whose size can be regulated in order to regulate amount of light passing through specimen

Question 10

define condenser

Answer 10

focuses light on specimen, adjusts contrast

Question 11

name the 4 types of tissue

Answer 11

Epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

Question 12

name and describe types of shapes of epithelial tissue

Answer 12

Squamous = thin flat cells
Cuboidal = square in shape with centrally placed nucleus
Columnar = rectangular with nuclei at base of cell

Question 13

name and describe tissue layers for epithelial tissue

Answer 13

Simple = one cell thick - Found on surface of organs whose functions are to secret or absorb
Stratified = multilayered - Found where protection or durability required

Question 14

describe special tissue of upper respiratory tract

Answer 14

pseudostratified ciliated columnar (nuclei of simple columnar are located at varying heights giving illusion of stratified)
Cells display outgrowths = cilia
Aids in movement of air and mucous

Question 15

describe goblet cells

Answer 15

vase shaped cell that secretes mucus
Interspersed in epithelial layer of organs who rely on mucous secretions for lubrication and protection

Question 16

describe areolar connective tissue

Answer 16

loosely associated collagen fibres and cells (fibroblasts)

Question 17

describe adipose cells

Answer 17

found in loose connective tissue
Large, empty appearing cells with nucleus pushed to side

Question 18

describe dense connective tissue

Answer 18

more solid matrix = provides more support

Question 19

name the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 19

skeletal
smooth
cardiac

Question 20

describe skeletal muscle

Answer 20

found in somatic (voluntary) muscle
Made up of large, multinucleated cells with observable striation

Question 21

Describe smooth muscle

Answer 21

found in visceral (involuntary) muscle
Composed of smaller cells with one nucleus and no striations

Question 22

describe cardiac muscle

Answer 22

Cells are smaller (1-2 nuclei)
Difficult to observe striations
Intercalated discs

Question 23

name the 3 tissue layers of skin

Answer 23

outer epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

Question 24

describe outer epidermis

Answer 24

Non cellular keratin layer on surface
Keratin layer secreted by epithelial cells - provides additional protection

Question 25

describe dermis

Answer 25

dense connective tissue

Question 26

describe hypodermis

Answer 26

loose connective tissue

Question 27

which organs are part of gastrointestinal tract

Answer 27

esophagus
small intestine
colon

Question 28

name the layers of gastrointestinal tract tissue

Answer 28

mucosa
submucosa
inner layer of circular muscle
outer layer of longitudinal muscle
serosa

Question 29

describe mucosa

Answer 29

epithelial layer lining lumen - simple columnar

Question 30

describe submucosa

Answer 30

loose connective tissue with glandular structures

Question 31

describe inner layer of circular muscle

Answer 31

cells align with perimeter of intestine

Question 32

describe outer layer of longitudinal muscle

Answer 32

cells align along length of intestine - observed in cross section

Question 33

describe serosa

Answer 33

simple squamous layer - continuous with mesentery

Question 34

name planes of section

Answer 34

transverse
sagittal
frontal

Question 35

describe transversal

Answer 35

(cross)
in horizontal plane, separates superior and inferior
Magician saws in half

Question 36

describe sagittal

Answer 36

longitudinal, separates right and left, may be medial or lateral
Separates the brain - right side and left side

Question 37

describe frontal

Answer 37

longitudinal, separates anterior and posterior
Like kinder egg

Question 38

describe dorsal

Answer 38

back

Question 39

describe ventral

Answer 39

belly

Question 40

describe anterior

Answer 40

towards the front, facing forwards

Question 41

describe posterior

Answer 41

towards the back, facing backwards

Question 42

describe superior

Answer 42

towards the head, cranial, upper

Question 43

describe inferior

Answer 43

towards the tail, caudal, lower

Question 44

describe medial

Answer 44

towards the midline

Question 45

describe lateral

Answer 45

towards the side

Question 46

describe proximal

Answer 46

closer to point of reference

Question 47

describe distal

Answer 47

further from point of reference