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Human Physiology > lecture 5: circulatory system > Flashcards

lecture 5: circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the circulatory system

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic system

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2
Q

what does cardiovascular system consist of

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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3
Q

describe how heart is drawn (left and rights)

A

opposite as hands
so anatomical left and right
right - left

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4
Q

what is function of heart

A

pumps blood through blood vessels to all parts of body

deliver O2 and nutrients to cells and tissues
remove CO2 and other waste products from cells and tissues

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5
Q

where is heart located in body

A

more in center
skewed to left - apex (point of heart) toward left hip (heart beat strongest at apex)
between/behind lungs ish

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6
Q

what is the heart wall composed of

A

mostly muscle

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7
Q

what is the myocardium

A

layer of cardiac muscle forming the heart wall

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8
Q

why is myocardium of left ventricle so much thicker than other that of right ventricle

A

left ventricle pumps blood to whole body
needs lots of force to pump blood
right ventricle only pumps to lungs

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9
Q

is deoxygenated blood actually blue

A

heck no
typically darker red

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10
Q

Identify all structures on heart diagram (anterior, posterior and frontal)

A

see answers in handwritten notes

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11
Q

name main veins (greater vessels of heart)

A

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
pulmonary veins (4)

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12
Q

what are the function of veins and arteries

A

veins = carry blood towards heart
arteries = carry blood away from heart

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13
Q

name main arteries (greater vessels of heart)

A

pulmonary trunk
aorta

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14
Q

describe superior vena cava

A

upper body —> right atrium

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15
Q

describe inferior vena cava

A

lower body —> right atrium

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16
Q

describe pulmonary veins (4)

A

lungs —> left atrium

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17
Q

describe pulmonary trunk

A

right ventricle —> lungs
branches into 2 pulmonary arteries

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18
Q

describe aorta

A

left ventricle —> body

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19
Q

name the all valves

A

right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid (mitral) valve)
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

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20
Q

describe AV valves

A

separate atria and ventricles
prevents blood from flowing into atria from ventricles
unidirectional pumping of blood

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21
Q

when do AV valves close and open

A

close when ventricles contract
open when ventricles relax

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22
Q

describe semilunar valves

A

prevent blood flow from arteries to ventricles

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23
Q

when do semilunar valves close and open

A

close when ventricles relax
open when ventricles contract

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24
Q

what is the function of chordae tendineae

A

heart stringed
anchor AV valves
stop them from flapping around - helps them
work

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25
Q

what is sound of heart beat

A

lub dup - sound of valves shutting

lup = contract, AV valves snap shut
dup = semilunar valves closing

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26
Q

describe the two individual pumps the heart acts as

A

pulmonary circuit pump (with lungs)
systemic circuit pump (with body)
both pump at same time every heartbeat

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27
Q

describe congestive heart failure (generally)

A

accumulation of fluids - fluid component of blood (mostly water) - builds up

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28
Q

describe right heart failure

A

peripheral congestion
fluid accumulation in body tissues (more in feet, ankles and fingers)
build up in systemic circuit

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29
Q

describe left heart failure

A

pulmonary congestion
fluid accumulates in lungs
build up in pulmonary circuit

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30
Q

what is the cardiac cycle

A

1 complete heartbeat
systole - heart contraction
diastole - heart relaxation

~75beats/min
0.8s/cycle

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31
Q

what part of heat does contraction and relaxation refer to

A

contraction and relaxation of ventricles since they do most of the pumping work

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32
Q

name steps of cardiac cycle + seconds

A

1 - atrial diastole / ventricular diastole (0.4s)
2 - atrial systole / ventricular diastole (0.1s)
3 - ventricular systole / atrial diastole (0.3s)

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33
Q

describe step 1 of cardiac cycle

A

heart is relaxed
blood is flowing into atria and ventricles

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34
Q

describe step 2 of cardiac cycle

A

atria contract to empty remaining blood into ventricles

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35
Q

describe step 3 of cardiac cycle

A

ventricles contract
AV valves close and semilunar open
blood flows from ventricles into aorta and pulmonary trunk

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36
Q

what controls each heartbeat

A

specialized cardiac muscle cells - part of intrinsic conduction system
cells are self excitable - can contract without signals from nervous system

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37
Q

what is intrinsic cardiac conduction system

A

cells of cardiac conduction system have different intrinsic rates of contraction

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38
Q

which part of heart has highest rate of depolarization

A

sinoatrial (SA) node
sets pace for whole heart (pacemaker)

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39
Q

name the rates of contraction for parts of heart (4)

A

SA node = 60-100 bpm
atria = 60-80bpm
AV node = 40-60bpm
ventricles = 20-40 bpm

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40
Q

do electrical impulses spread quickly through heart (explain)

A

yes they do
cardiac muscle cells are electrically coupled by intercalated disks between cells

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41
Q

what is cardiac cycle regulated by

A

electrical impulses that radiate through the heart

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42
Q

name the steps of the way the cardiac cycle is regulated (how impulses travel)

A

SA node
AV node
bundle branches
purkinje fibers

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43
Q

describe what SA node does (impulse that regulates cardiac cycle)

A

sends out electrical impulse to atria and AV node
atria contract in unison

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44
Q

describe what AV node does (impulse that regulates cardiac cycle)

A

delays signal (~0.1s) before relaying impulse to AV bundle, bundle branches and purkinje fibers
allows atria to fully empty before ventricles contract

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45
Q

describe what bundle branches do (impulse that regulates cardiac cycle)

A

conduct impulse to apex of heart

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46
Q

describe what purkinje fibers do (impulse that regulates cardiac cycle)

A

conduct impulse throughout the ventricular walls
ventricles contract beginning at heart apex (“wringing action”)

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47
Q

what are artificial pacemakers and why would someone need one

A

sends electrical impulse to heart muscle
used if intrinsic cardiac conduction system isn’t working properly

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48
Q

name factors that affect heart rates

A

two sets of nerves act on SA node
hormones
body temp
exercise

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49
Q

explain how two sets of nerves act on SA node affects heart rate

A

increase or decrease heart rate

sympathetic nerves - increase HR (fight or flight response)
parasympathetic nerves - decrease HR (rest and digest)

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50
Q

explain how hormones affect heart rate

A

epinephrine (released from adrenal glands) increase HR
thyroid hormone increases HR

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51
Q

explain how body temperature affects heart rate

A

increase in body temp = increase HR
decrease body temp = decrease HR

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52
Q

explain how exercise affects heart rate

A

HR increases in response to exercise (increased metabolic need of body)

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53
Q

what is an ECG (EKG)

A

electrical impulses generated during cardiac cycle produce electrical currents that are conducted through body fluids to skin

currents can be detected by electrodes - records as ECG

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54
Q

what must occur for contraction

A

depolarization of muscle cells cause contraction
cells must repolarize before they can be depolarized again

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55
Q

what are the 3 things to recognize on an ECG

A

p wave
qrs complex
t wave

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56
Q

what is p wave

A

depolarization of SA node and atria

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57
Q

what is qrs complex

A

ventricular depolarization

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58
Q

what is t wave

A

ventricular repolarization

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59
Q

where is atrial repolarization on ecg

A

masked by qrs complex

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60
Q

where does AV node fire on ECG

A

between p wave and qrs complex

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61
Q

what is fibrillation

A

lack of adequate blood supply causes my myocardial infarction - may cause fibrillation
uncontrolled shuddering of heart, makes it useless as pump

defibrillators - stop fibrillation by delivering electric shock that resets heart

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62
Q

name the 3 types of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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63
Q

describe arteries (blood vessels)

A

carries blood away from heart (towards capillaries)
branch into arterioles

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64
Q

describe veins (blood vessels)

A

carry blood towards heart (away from capillaries m)
venules converge into veins

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65
Q

describe capillaries (blood vessels)

A

site of exchange (from blood to tissue, tissue to blood)
upstream end branches from arterioles
downstream ends converges into venules

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66
Q

what is difference between appearance of veins and arteries

A

artery = circular oval shaped, thick walled
vein = larger lumen, triangular, not circular, irregular

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67
Q

name 3 layers of blood vessel structures

A

tunica intima (inner)
tunica media (middle)
tunica externa (outer)

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68
Q

describe inner layer of blood vessel structure

A

endothelium - simple squamous tissue
subdendothelial layer
internal elastic membrane
minimizes resistance to blood flow

69
Q

describe middle layer of blood vessel structure

A

smooth muscles and elastic fibers
for strength, movement and elasticity
external elastic membrane

70
Q

describe outer layer of blood vessel structure

A

connective tissue made largely of collagen fibers
for support and protection
vasa vasorum

71
Q

describe layers of capillaries

A

ONLY HAVE ONE
inner layer of blood vessel structure

72
Q

arteries vs veins - lumen

A

larger in veins
low peripheral resistance

73
Q

arteries vs veins - middle layer (media)

A

larger in arteries
to withstand high pressure

74
Q

arteries vs veins - outside layer (externa)

A

larger in veins
provides support

75
Q

arteries vs veins - elastic lamina (internal/external)

A

only present in arteries
to withstand high pressure

76
Q

arteries vs veins - valves

A

only present in veins
facilitates return of blood to heat (prevents backflow)

77
Q

blood pressure decreases…

A

as blood travels away from heart ventricles

78
Q

describe how skeletal muscle works for blood (what’s it do) and how it works with venous valves

A

contraction provides milking action to push blood back to heart - generates force
valves close to ensure blood only moves in one direction towards heart

79
Q

where is blood flow the slowest

A

through capillaries
enhances exchange
velocity decreases but area of vascular bed increases

80
Q

what is blood pressure

A

hydrostatic force that blood exerts on vessel walls
pressure gradient provides driving force - keeps blood moving
high pressure to low pressure

81
Q

how to measure blood pressure

A

measuring arterial blood pressure

high/low
high = systolic pressure (ventricles contacted)
low = diastolic pressure (ventricles relaxed)

normal in young healthy person = 120/70mmHg

82
Q

describe blood pressure (what is specific range…)

A

too high - could cause stroke (blood vessel damage)
too low - lose consciousness (inadequate tissue perfusion)

83
Q

what is blood pressure measured by

A

sphygmomanometer

84
Q

describe step 1 of measuring blood pressure

A

aortic pressure is measured indirectly in brachial artery

85
Q

how many steps of measuring blood pressure

A

4

86
Q

describe step 2 of measuring blood pressure

A

cuff wrapped around arm
inflated toll cuff exceeds systolic blood pressure
blood flow into arm stops (brachial pulse cannot be heard or felt)

87
Q

describe step 3 of measuring blood pressure

A

pressure in cuff is gradually reduced
examiner listens for sounds in brachial artery with stethoscope
point at which blood spurts through constricted artery = systolic pressure

88
Q

describe step 4 of measuring blood pressure

A

pressure more reduced
lower the sounds get
pressure at which sounds disappear = diastolic pressure

89
Q

how can heart rate be measured

A

heart rate can be measured indirectly by measuring pulse

90
Q

name factors affecting blood pressure

A

peripheral resistance
cardiac output
blood volume
vessel elasticity

91
Q

describe peripheral resistance (factors affecting blood pressure)

A

determined mostly by arterioles
resistance to flow in systemic circulation (friction within vessel walls)

92
Q

describe diameter of arterioles

A

determined by vasoconstriction/vasodilation of arterioles
controlled by action of nerve impulses, hormones and other chemicals on smooth muscle surrounding vessels

93
Q

how does stress affect arterioles and blood pressure

A

vasoconstriction so blood pressure increases

94
Q

describe cardiac output (factors affecting blood pressure)

A

stroke volume x HR
increased cardiac output = increases pressure

95
Q

describe blood volume (factors affecting blood pressure)

A

increased blood volume = increased pressure

96
Q

describe vessel elasticity (factors affecting blood pressure)

A

less elasticity = higher pressure
ex: arteriosclerosis

97
Q

define cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped by heart in a single minute

98
Q

what does cardiac output depend on

A

stroke volume - volume of blood pumped out by ventricles during each contraction (~70mL)
heart rate - beats/min

99
Q

describe regulating blood pressure during exercise

A

cardiac output - increases blood pressure
peripheral resistance - arterioles dilate, so blood pressure decreases

ensures muscles have enough blood flow and blood pressure is maintain
exercise without passing out or having stroke

100
Q

cardiac output must =

A

venous return
if blood pressure in veins is low compared to arteries - resistance of arterioles and capillaries dissipates the pressure generated by pumping heart (to maintain this relationship)

101
Q

name factors that increase venous return

A

skeletal muscle pump
respiratory pump
lumen of veins are wider than arteries
rhythmic contractions of smooth muscles in the walls of veins and venues account for some movement of blood

102
Q

describe skeletal muscle pump (increase venous return)

A

skeletal muscles and valves provide milking action to keep blood moving towards heart

103
Q

describe respiratory pump (increase venous return)

A

inhaling decreases pressure in right atrium
vena cava and other large veins near heart allow them to expand and fill with blood (caused by a drop in intra thoracic pressure)

104
Q

describe how lumen of veins (wider than arteries) affect venous return

A

less resistance to flow

105
Q

describe capillaries

A

only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them
brain, heart, liver and kidney capillaries usually filled to capacity

106
Q

what controls flow of blood through capillary beds

A

constriction of arterioles and precapillary sphincters (rings of smooth muscle)

107
Q

what does blood flow look like right after meal

A

activates digestive tract so some increase but looks similar to blood flow at rest

108
Q

how to molecules cross capillaries (3 steps)

A

1 - vesicles form by endocytosis on one side and release their contents by exocytosis on other side
2 - diffusion through membrane
3 - bulk flow through clefts between endothelial cells (due to fluid pressure)
*simple squamous - optimized for exchange

109
Q

under normal circumstances what cannot cross capillary wall

A

blood cells and most proteins
so they stay within capillary wall

110
Q

amount of direction of fluid flow across capillaries depends on

A

hydrostatic pressure - fluid pressing against wall (due to blood pressure), pushing out
osmotic pressure - non diffusible plasma proteins pull water into capillary, sucking in

111
Q

describe fluid flow across capillaries

A

higher to lower concentration
pushing out and sucking in

112
Q

how much fluid is reabsorbed during fluid flow across capillaries (where and why)

A

at venous end - 85% of fluid is reabsorbed
the other 15% is returned to blood via lymphatic system

113
Q

describe lymphatic system

A

lymph flows through a network of lymphatic vessels and composition is similar to ISF
drains into cardiovascular system via subclavian veins

114
Q

what is returned to blood via lymphatic system

A

fluids and some proteins that leak from capillaries into ISF

115
Q

how does fluid enter lymphatic system

A

by diffusing info lymphatic capillaries that are intermingles among cardiovascular capillaries
vessels have valves - prevent backflow
movement of skeletal muscles - push fluid towards heart

116
Q

what are lymph nodes

A

bean shaped organs located at intervals along the lymphatic system

117
Q

what is blood composed of

A

plasma
formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets)

118
Q

give percentages of blood composition

A

55% - plasma
~45% - erythrocytes
<1% - leucocytes and platelets

119
Q

what is function of plasma

A

carries blood cells, cell fragments, nutrients, metabolic wastes, respiratory gases and hormones around body

120
Q

describe composition of plasma

A

~90% water
ions (electrolytes)
plasma proteins

121
Q

describe ions (electrolytes) functions in composition of plasma

A

osmotic balance
functioning of muscles and nervous system
pH buffering

122
Q

describe plasma protein functions in composition of plasma

A

osmotic balance
pH buffering
viscosity of blood
transport of water insoluble lipids
immunity (antibodies)
blood clotting (ex fibrinogen)

123
Q

what is plasma without clotting factors

A

serum

124
Q

describe function of erythrocytes (rbcs)

A

5-6 million cells/mm^3

transports oxygen

125
Q

describe structure (and function of that structure) of erythrocytes

A

biconcave disc (more surface area)
no nuclei (more room for hemoglobin)
no mitochondria (make ATP by anaerobic metabolism)
contains ~250 mil molecules of hemoglobin

126
Q

describe hemoglobin (made of)

A

each hemoglobin protein is made of 4 polypeptides - can bind molecules O2
two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains
iron atoms form part of heme group that binds O2 (4 heme groups - 4 O2 molecules)

127
Q

what does hemoglobin bind

A

nitric oxide (NO)
NO causes vasodilation which relaxes capillary walls to help delivery of O2 into cells

128
Q

describe function of leukocytes (wbcs)

A

effectors of immune system - fight pathogens
spend most of time patrolling interstitial fluid and lymphatic system

129
Q

name types of leukocytes

A

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

130
Q

describe neutrophils and monocytes

A

phagocytes that engulf and digest bacteria and debris

131
Q

describe lymphocytes

A

develop into specialized B and T cells

132
Q

describe basophils and eosinophils

A

involved in allergic response

133
Q

which types of wbcs are granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

134
Q

which types of wbcs are agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

135
Q

describe platelets (cell fragments)

A

function = blood clotting
initiated when the endothelium of vessel is damaged and connective tissue in wall is exposed to blood

136
Q

describe steps of clotting

A

1 - platelets adhere to collagen fibers and release a substance to make platelets sticky
2 - sticky platelets form a plug
3 - fibrin forms a mesh (clot) that traps rbcs and platelets to form clot
*enzymatic cascade

137
Q

name 2 clotting disorders

A

hemophilia
spontaneous clotting

138
Q

describe hemophilia

A

inherited defect in any step of clotting process
causes excessive bleeding from minor cuts or bruises

139
Q

describe spontaneous clotting

A

usually prevented by anticlotting factors in blood
platelets clump with fibrin within a blood vessel forming a thrombus (blood clot)
traveling blood clot is called embolus
thrombus or embolus can block flow of blood and cause heart attack or stroke

140
Q

where are blood cells produced

A

in bone marrow

141
Q

how often do blood cells need to be replaced

A

constantly - they wear out
ex: erythrocytes usually circulate for only 3-4 months then destroyed by phagocytic cells in liver and spleen

142
Q

all cells develop from what

A

a single population of pluripotent stem cells in red marrow of bones (ribs, vertebrae, breastbone, pelvis)

143
Q

define pluripotent

A

have potential to become any type of blood cell

144
Q

what is leukemia

A

type of blood cancer involving elevated production of abnormal wbcs
uncontrolled cell division at expense of surrounding cells

145
Q

treatment of leukemia

A

destroy patients bone marrow and replace with healthy bone marrow
replaced cancerous pluripotent cells with non cancerous ones

146
Q

what is arteriosclerosis

A

thickening and hardening of an artery wall

147
Q

describe atherosclerosis

A

type of arteriosclerosis

148
Q

name 2 risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

hypertsion
ldl/hdl ratio

149
Q

describe hypertension (risk factors for atherosclerosis)

A

high blood pressure
causes chronic damage to endothelium that lines arteries (damages plaque formation)

150
Q

describe ldl/hdl ratio (risk factors for atherosclerosis)

A

low density lipoprotein - associated with depositing cholesterol in arterial plaques
high density lipoprotein - associated with removing cholesterol from blood

151
Q

what is a heart attack

A

myocardial infarction
death of cardiac muscle tissue causes by prolonged blockage of one or more coronary arteries

152
Q

what is a stroke

A

death of nervous tissue in brain caused by blockage of an artery of leaking/burst blood vessel in brain

153
Q

what happens in both heart attack and stroke

A

tissue dies due to lack of oxygen
any tissue downstream blockage may die

154
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

coronary artery is partially blocked - person may feel occasional chest pains
sign that part of heart isn’t getting enough blood (ex narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis)

155
Q

what are intercalated disks

A

contain gap junctions (connect cytoplasm of 2 cells) (electrically connect myocytes)
also have desmosomes (keeps myocytes from pulling apart)

156
Q

what is pulse

A

rhythmic stretching of arteries caused by contraction of ventricles

157
Q

what does peripheral resistance in arterioles do

A

impedes blood form editing the arteries
causes arteries to stretch (systolic pressure)

158
Q

what does peripheral resistance depend on

A

blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
blood vessel diameter

159
Q

what causes vasodilation

A

nitric oxide

160
Q

what causes vasoconstriction

A

endothelin

161
Q

where is blood diverted to during exercise

A

diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles

162
Q

describe fluid flow across capillaries (specifics)

A

arterial end - fluid is lost, filtration, pushing greater than sucking
mid capillary - no net movement, pushing=sucking
venous end - reabsorption, pushing less than sucking

163
Q

what is stage 1 of atherosclerosis

A

plaques develop in inner wall of artery (contain fat, cholesterol and calcium deposits)

164
Q

what is stage 2 of atherosclerosis

A

formation is due to inflammatory response that is initiated by the deposition of lipoproteins (LDL) in vessel wall

165
Q

what is stage 3 of atherosclerosis

A

process takes several years and causes narrowing of vessel and hardening of walls

166
Q

what is stage 4 of atherosclerosis

A

plaques can rupture and promote formation of thrombus (or an embolus)

167
Q

how many stages/statements of atherosclerosis

A

4

168
Q

what causes hypertension

A

genetics, smoking, lack of exercise, diet rich in saturated fat and high cholesterol levels

169
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
symptoms of a cardiovascular disease are always experienced before a heart attack or stoke

A

FALSE
many people don’t experience any symptoms of cardiovascular disease

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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