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Human Physiology > lecture 2: tissues > Flashcards

lecture 2: tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues

A

groups of cells with a common structure and function

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2
Q

name 4 main categories of tissue

A

nervous
muscle
epithelial
connective

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3
Q

describe nervous tissue generally

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

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4
Q

describe muscle tissue briefly

A

cause movement
anywhere that moves (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

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5
Q

describe epithelial tissue generally

A

protects
secretes
absorbs
filters
lines

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6
Q

describe connective tissue generally

A

bones
fat
blood
tendons
all filler tissue

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7
Q

how to know it’s epithelial tissue visually

A

usually see air on one side or air somewhere

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8
Q

where do you find epithelial tissue

A

everywhere

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9
Q

describe locations of epithelial tissue

A

lining of hollow organs
covering of skin surface
glandular secretory tissue (saliva, sebaceous glands, sweat)

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10
Q

describe functions of epithelial tissue

A

protection (mechanical injury, microorganisms, fluid loss)
absorption
secretion
filtration

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11
Q

what is epithelial tissue classified by

A

cell shape and number of layers

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12
Q

name and describe 3 types of shapes of epithelial tissue

A

squamous - flat nucleus, flattened
cuboidal - cube shape, round nucleus
columnar - column like, oval nucleus

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13
Q

describe the 2 types (numbers) of layers of epithelial tissue

A

simple
stratified (combined together)

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14
Q

what is the apical surface

A

contacts air food blood etc
top

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15
Q

what is the basal surface

A

base
glues epithelial tissue to underlying tissue

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16
Q

how many types of epithelial tissue are there

A

8

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17
Q

name all 8 types of epithelial tissue

A

simple squamous
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudo stratified columnar

stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
stratified columnar
transitional epithelium

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18
Q

what’s the catch with pseudostratified columnar

A

looks stratified but is simple

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19
Q

describe structure function location of simple squamous

A

s - single layer of flattened cells (cytoplasm is sparse
f - rapid diffusion exchange
l - kidney glomeruli, lung alveoli, capillaries

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20
Q

visually describe simple squamous

A

very thin
simple, nuclei visible
thin strings

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21
Q

describe structure function location of simple cuboid

A

s - single layer of cuboidal cells
f - secretion and absorption
l - ducts of glands, kidney tubules

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22
Q

visually describe simple cuboid

A

can see cube shapes with nuclei
has blood (in capillary)
connective tissues glue tubules together

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23
Q

describe structure function location of simple columnar

A

s - single layer of tall closely packed cells, some have cilia or microvilli
f - secretion of enzymes and mucus (goblet cells, absorption (microvilli)
l - digestive tract, gallbladder, gland ducts, bronchi, uterine tubes

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24
Q

visually describe simple columnar

A

long cells
connective tissue
goblet cells (look empty ish but have mucus)
microvilli maximized surface area

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25
Q

describe structure function location of pseudo stratified columnar

A

s - single layer of cells that vary in height, often ciliated
f - secretion of mucus (goblet cells), cilia beat to move mucus
l - upper respiratory tract, duct glands, tubules in testes

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26
Q

visually describe pseudo stratified columnar

A

look for cilia, elongated cells and goblet cells
all cells touch bottom (simple) but nuclei at different heights so appears stratified

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27
Q

describe structure function location of stratified squamous

A

s - apical later is squamous (lower layers are columnar or cuboidal)
f - protect abasing wear and tear (friction)
l - skin, mouth, esophagus (keratinized cells on skin surface (dead) and non keratinized in moist areas)

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28
Q

visually describe stratified squamous

A

flat nuclei on top (apical cells gives names)
become round towards bottom
basement membrane - basal cells actively undergo mitosis to replace cells on top
connective tissue

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29
Q

stratified squamous lines the esophagus
WHYYYY???

A

protective against vomit, heat, food
eating food - peristalsis, so food is pushed down and scraped against esophagus
stratified cause multiple layers - to not top open esophagus

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30
Q

describe structure of stratified cuboidal

A

two layers of cuboidal cells

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31
Q

describe structure of stratified columnar

A

surface cells are columnar
cells underneath vary in size and shape

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32
Q

describe location and function of stratified cuboidal or columnar

A

l - ducts of large glands (ducts connect gland to skin) (sweat, mammary, esophageal)
f - protection

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33
Q

name the 2 types of epithelium that are rare

A

stratified cuboidal or columnar

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34
Q

visually describe stratified cuboidal

A

2 layers of nuclei visible

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35
Q

visually describe stratified columnar

A

only apical layer columnar - named by this

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36
Q

describe structure function location of transitional epithelium

A

s - multiple layers of cells, shape depends on stretching
f - can stretch and return to original shape
l - lining urinary system organs

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37
Q

visually describe transitional epithelium

A

in its relaxed state

has connective tissue
looks like cauliflower or broccoli (scalloped)
basement membrane

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38
Q

what type of epithelium is found in mucosa of nasal cavity and lung bronchi and trachea

A

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

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39
Q

what type of epithelium is found in mucosa of mouth and esophagus lining

A

stratified squamous

40
Q

what type of epithelium is found stomach to anus

A

simple columnar

41
Q

describe connective tissue (gen)

A

ECM - extracellular matrix, fibers ground tissue
cells
ex - jello with fruit pieces in it

42
Q

name the 3 types of fibers in connective tissue

A

collagenous
elastic
reticular

43
Q

describe collagenous fibers

A

made of collagen
don’t tear easy

44
Q

describe elastic fibers

A

made of elastin
have rubbery quality

45
Q

describe reticular fibers

A

composed of collagen (type 3)
very thin and branched

46
Q

describe gen characteristics of connective tissues (structure, function, location)

A

l - everywhere
f - protective, binds tissues together, support, energy storage, transporting substances
s - cells surrounded by ecm

47
Q

describe two components of ecm

A

1 - ground substance (liquid, jelly like or solid)
2 - fibers, form a web (collagenous, elastic, reticular)

48
Q

how many types of connective tissue are there

A

6

49
Q

list types of connective tissue from hardest to softest

A

bone (mineralized)
cartilage
dense connective tissue
loose connective tissue (areolar)
adipose tissue
blood (and lymph)

dense and loose - connective tissue proper (contain fibroblasts)

50
Q

what is the function of bone (osseous tissue)

A

support and protection

51
Q

describe ecm of bone

A

hydroxyapatite (ca5(po4)3(oh)) - calcium and phosphorus, makes bone hard

collagen fibers - make bone flexible

52
Q

describe cells of bone

A

osteoblasts - make collagen for ecm
osteocytes - maintain bone, sit in cavities called lacunae

53
Q

why are bones hard and not brittle

A

combo of hydroxyapatite and collagen make bone hard but not brittle

54
Q

visually describe bone

A

osteons
lacunae (osteocytes)
central canal - blood vessels and nerves

55
Q

what does compact bone tissue consist of

A

repeating units called osteons (concentric layers of matrix that surround a central canal containing blood vessels)

56
Q

what’s the function of cartilage

A

strong and flexible support material

57
Q

describe ecm of cartilage

A

chondroitin sulphate - combined with 80% water, rubbery strong matrix

collagen fibers - gives flexibility

58
Q

describe cells of cartilage

A

chondrocytes - make collagen for ecm, sit in cavities called lacunae

59
Q

where to find cartilage in body

A

anywhere where flexibility is needed
ribcage - sternum

60
Q

name the 3 subtypes of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

61
Q

describe hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant
rib cage
larynx
fetal skeleton
epiphyseal plates
trachea

62
Q

describe elastic cartilage

A

ear and epiglottis
more elastic due to elastic fibers

63
Q

describe fibrocartilage

A

absorbs shock
highly compressible
intervertebral discs

64
Q

what’s the function of dense (fibrous) connective tissue

A

attachment (bone to bone)
strengthen skin

65
Q

describe ecm of dense connective tissue

A

collagen fibers - closely packed to provide strength and structure

66
Q

describe cells of dense connective tissue

A

fibroblasts - make collagen for ecm

67
Q

visually describe dense connective tissue

A

collagen fibers
nuclei darker
kinda looks like a wave or ocean

68
Q

locations of dense connective tissues

A

tendons
ligaments
dermis of skin

69
Q

what’s the function of areolar (loose) connective tissue

A

packing material that glues together organs and soaks up extra fluid (edema)

70
Q

explain why things swell

A

areolar connective tissue soaks up water/fluid
immune system tried to help (fluid)

71
Q

describe ecm of areolar connective tissue

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

72
Q

describe cells of areolar connective tissue

A

fibroblasts - make collagen for ecm
macrophages - white blood cells that phagocytize dead cells and bacteria

73
Q

where to find areolar connective tissue in the body

A

EVERYWHERE

74
Q

visually describe loose connective tissue

A

elastic fibers look like hair
fibroblast nuclei visible
collagen fibers - darker thicker lines

75
Q

describe function of adipose (fat) tissue

A

padding and insulating organs and fuel storage

76
Q

describe ecm of adipose tissue

A

collagen fibers
elastic fibers
reticular fibers

77
Q

describe cells of adipose tissue

A

adipocytes - contains a large fat droplet that swells when fat is stored and shrinks when the body uses fat or fuel

78
Q

where to find adipose tissue in body

A

EVERYWHERE
surrounding organs
subcutaneously
abdominal fat

79
Q

visually describe adipose tissue

A

looks like eyeballs or bubbles
fat droplets
capillary - width of single blood cell

80
Q

what is the function of blood

A

transport of substances throughout the body

81
Q

describe ecm of blood

A

plasma - water with dissolved salts and proteins

82
Q

describe cells of blood

A

erythrocytes - rbc - contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen

leukocytes - wbc - function in the immune system

platelets - cell fragments - function in blood clotting

83
Q

where to find blood in body

A

in blood vessels
everywhere

84
Q

visually describe blood

A

white blood cells look brighter - different
red blood cells look the same - red and round ish

85
Q

what is muscle tissue composed of

A

long cells called muscle fibers
capable of contracting (shortening) to produce movement

86
Q

what do muscle cells contain

A

elongated contractile threads called myofibrils - made of actin and myosin

87
Q

what do muscle cells account for

A

most of the body’s energy consumption

88
Q

name the 3 types of muscle cells

A

skeletal (voluntary)
smooth (involuntary)
cardiac (involuntary)

89
Q

describe skeletal muscle

A

attached to skeleton (produces body movements and face expressions)
striated, multinuclear cells with long cylindrical shape

90
Q

describe cardiac muscle

A

forms contractile wall of heart
striated, branches, cells with single nucleus
cells connected by intercalated discs (contain gap junctions) which relay signals between cells during a heartbeat

91
Q

describe smooth muscle

A

found in walls of hollow organs (digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries…)
NOT STRIATED, spindle shaped cells with single nucleus
contacts more slowly than skeletal muscles - but remains contracted for longer time

92
Q

describe nervous tissue

A

senses stimuli and transmits signals from one part of animal to another
composed of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia

93
Q

describe neurons

A

functional unit of nervous tissue
cell body and processes (dendrites and axons)

94
Q

describe dendrites

A

transmit nerve impulses towards the cell body

95
Q

describe axons

A

transmit nerve impulses away from cell body towards another neuron or an effector (muscle cell)

96
Q

location of nervous tissue

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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