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Human Physiology > lecture 10: reproductive system > Flashcards

lecture 10: reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

name the parts of the male reproductive system (external)

A

penis
scrotum

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2
Q

describe the penis

A

contains urethra (passageway for sperm and semen - urinary (excretory) and reproductive systems)
consists mostly of erectile tissue that fills with blood during an erection

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3
Q

describe the scrotum

A

pouch of skin containing testes
allows testes to hang outside abdominal cavity asa lower temp is needed for sperm production

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4
Q

name the internal structures of the male reproductive system

A

testes
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory duct

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5
Q

describe the testes

A

site of sperm production (in seminiferous tubules)

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6
Q

describe the epididymis

A

sperm storage
maturation (sperm becomes mobile)
carries sperm from testes to vas deferens

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7
Q

describe the vas deferens

A

passageway for sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

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8
Q

describe the ejaculatory duct

A

connects vas deferens to urethra

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9
Q

name the accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands

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10
Q

describe seminal vesicles

A

produce 60% of seminal fluid
(mucus, fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme and prostaglandins)

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11
Q

describe prostate gland

A

produces prostatic fluid that is added to semen
(citrate and anticoagulant enzymes)

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12
Q

describe bulbourethral glands

A

secretes clear mucus that neutralizes acidity of urine prior to ejaculation (pre-ejaculate)
may carry some sperm (pull out method does not work)

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13
Q

describe testes (more detail)

A

male gonads
contain seminiferous tubules - site of sperm production
leydig cells (scattered between seminiferous tubules) - produce testosterone

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14
Q

describe sperm

A

contains haploid nucleus (n= 23 chromosomes)
acrosome at tip of head contains enzymes that penetrate the egg

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15
Q

what powers flagellum (in sperm)

A

large number of mitochondria
makes sperm very motile

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16
Q

describe semen

A

seminal fluid + sperm

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17
Q

how many sperm in each ejaculation

A

100-650 million sperm

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18
Q

describe pathway of sperm

A

testes (seminiferous tubules) –> epididymis –> vas deferens –> ejaculatory duct (seminal veicles) –> urethra (prostate and bulbourethral glands)

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19
Q

what is a vasectomy

A

cutting vas deferens in scrotum
no sperm in ejaculate

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20
Q

name the parts of the female reproductive system (external)

A

vulva = labia and clitoris

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21
Q

describe vulva

A

external female sex organs

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22
Q

describe labia

A

major and minor
folds of skin and adipose tissue
covers and protects vaginal opening and clitoris

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23
Q

describe clitoris

A

structure located towards the front of vulva
high density of sensory receptors
similar structure to penis

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24
Q

name parts of female reproductive system (internal)

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
cervix
ovaries

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25
Q

describe fallopian tubes

A

site of fertilization
conducts ovum to uterus

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26
Q

describe uterus

A

houses developing embryo

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27
Q

describe vagina

A

thin walled canal
functions as passageway for sperm and birth canal

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28
Q

describe cervix

A

connects uterus to vagina

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29
Q

describe ovaries (gen)

A

maturation of ovum

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30
Q

describe ovaries (more specific)

A

female gonads
flank uterus
located in abdominal cavity
each ovary contains follicles

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31
Q

describe follicles

A

nourish egg and protect developing egg/ovum

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32
Q

how many follicles are females born with

A

~1 million but ~ 300 thousand remain at puberty and only a few hundred will release eggs during reproductive years

33
Q

what do prostaglandins do (seminal vesicles)

A

thins cervical mucus
stimulates uterine contractions

34
Q

what is spermatozoa

A

sperm = male gametes

35
Q

what is seminal fluid

A

secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands

36
Q

what is endometrium

A

uterine lining

37
Q

what happens during menstrual cycle

A

one follicle matures and releases its ovum during ovulation (~ day 14)

38
Q

after ovulation (menstrual cycle)

A

remaining follicle become corpus luteum

39
Q

corpus luteum produces (menstrual cycle)

A

estrogens and progesterone to maintain endometrium during pregnancy

40
Q

if pregnancy does not occur (menstrual cycle)

A

corpus luteum degrades and uterine lining is shed

41
Q

what is estradiol

A

primary estrogen in females

42
Q

how many phases of menstrual cycle

A

3

43
Q

name the phases of menstrual cycle and the amount of days each phase is

A

1 - follicular phase = days 1-14
2 - ovulation = day 14
3 - luteal phase = days 14-28

44
Q

describe follicular phase (menstrual cycle)

A

several follicles are stimulated to grow
triggered by FSH (most important for early development of follicles)
only one follicle fully matures

45
Q

describe ovulation (menstrual cycle)

A

surge in LH causes follicle to rupture and expel secondary oocyte into fallopian tubes

46
Q

describe luteal phase (menstrual cycle)

A

remainder of follicle becomes corpus luteum

47
Q

name the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle and where they come from

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone - hypothalamus
FSH - anterior pituitary
LH anterior pituitary
estrogen and progesterone - follicle and corpus luteum

48
Q

describe function of gonadotropin releasing hormone (menstrual cycle)

A

stimulates release of small amounts of FSH and LH

49
Q

what is gonadotropin releasing hormone stimulated and inhibited by (menstrual cycle)

A

stimulates by high levels of estrogen
inhibited by estrogen + progesterone

50
Q

describe function of FSH (menstrual cycle)

A

stimulates growth of immature follicles

51
Q

what is FSH inhibited by (menstrual cycle)

A

low levels of estrogen

52
Q

describe function of LH (menstrual cycle)

A

increased estrogen secretion from follicle causes a surge in production of LH –> triggers ovulation

53
Q

what is LH inhibited by (menstrual cycle)

A

low levels of estrogen

54
Q

explain positive feedback of menstrual cycle

A

GnRH = stimulated by high levels of estrogen
causes LH surge on day 14 for ovulation to occur

55
Q

explain negative feedback of menstrual cycle

A

prevents maturation of new follicle before beginning of next cycle
prevents ovulation if pregnancy occurs

56
Q

state ENTIRE summary of menstrual cycle

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce FSH and LH
  2. FSH and LH stimulate the growth of follicles in the ovary. Eventually one follicle becomes dominant.
  3. Estrogen levels gradually increase as follicle grows
  4. Estrogen levels become high enough to stimulate the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus.
  5. LH and FSH levels rapidly increase. LH levels increase much more!
  6. Peak in LH causes ovulation! (~day 14)
  7. Empty follicle becomes corpus luteum. Corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone to thicken and maintain endometrium
  8. Corpus luteum degenerates if pregnancy does not occur and endometrium is shed.
57
Q

how does contraceptive pill work

A

made of estrogen and progesterone
inhibits release of GnRH = no LH released = NO OVULATION

58
Q

describe first step of fertilization and implantation

A

ovum fertilized - in fallopian tube
undergoes several rounds of cell division as it moves towards uterus

59
Q

describe second step of fertilization and implantation

A

implantation in uterus happens
~7 days after fertilization

60
Q

how long is a human pregnancy

A

~266 days

61
Q

describe hCG

A

human gonadotropin hormone is secreted by embryo
stimulates production of progesterone by corpus luteum during first 3 months of pregnancy

62
Q

what happens in 2nd trimester of pregnancy

A

3-6 months - the placenta is developed enough and takes over the production of progesterone (to maintain endometrium) from corpus luteum

63
Q

what does the placenta allow for

A

exchange between mother and fetal circulatory systems

64
Q

describe oogenesis

A

takes place in ovaries
at birth - ovaries contain all primary oocytes it will ever have (~1 mil)
after puberty - one follicle matures every 28 days (ovarian/menstrual cycle)

65
Q

describe cell division of oogensis

A

primary oocyte (2n=46 chromosomes) –> secondary oocyte (n=23 chromosomes) –> ovum (n=23 chromosomes) *before becomes ovum, ovulation fertilization - fertilization must occur for completion of oogenesis

66
Q

describe spermatogenesis

A

takes place in seminiferous tubules
occurs continuously in males after puberty
sertoli cells support developing sperm

67
Q

describe cell division of spermatogenesis

A

primary spermatocyte (2n=46 chromosomes) –> sperm cell (n=23 chromosomes) x 4

68
Q

which hormones control spermatogenesis

A

GnRH
FSH
LH
testosterone

69
Q

describe what GnRH does (hormonal control of spermatogenesis)

A

from hypothalamus
stimulates release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary

70
Q

describe what FSH does (hormonal control of spermatogenesis)

A

stimulates spermatogenesis

71
Q

describe what LH does (hormonal control of spermatogenesis)

A

stimulates release of testosterone from leydig cells

72
Q

describe what testosterone does (hormonal control of spermatogenesis)

A

stimulates spermatogenesis

73
Q

what controls negative feedback of spermatogenesis

A

testosterone and inhibin

74
Q

describe testosterone (negative feedback of spermatogenesis)

A

inhibits release of FSH/LH
inhibits release of GnRH

75
Q

describe inhibin (negative feedback of spermatogenesis)

A

released in response to FSH
inhibits release of FSH/LH

76
Q

how long is menstrual cycle

A

~ 28 days

77
Q

what happens if pregnancy occurs (luteal phase)

A

corpus luteum sustains pregnancy until placenta takes over at around 3 months

78
Q

what happens if pregnancy does not occur (luteal phase)

A

corpus luteum degenerates
without estrogen/progesterone to maintain endometrium –> it is shed (menstrual bleeding)

79
Q

describe function of estrogens and progesterone (menstrual cycle)

A

growing follicle produces estrogen (causes LH surge)
corpus luteum produces estrogen and progesterone
stimulates growth and maintenance of endometrium

Human Physiology (17 decks)

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