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DPT 802 NeuroBio > Lecture 9- Basal nuclei and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 9- Basal nuclei and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

what is the relay center for all nervous system functions

A

thalamus

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2
Q

where in the cerebral cortex does the anterior nucleus in the thalamus project to

A

limbic lobe

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3
Q

where in the cerebral cortex does the VA in the thalamus project to

A

SMA and frontal lobe

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4
Q

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL in the thalamus project to

A

substansia nigra input

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4
Q

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL oral part in the thalamus project to

A

PM
basal nuclei

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4
Q

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL caudal part in the thalamus project to

A

M1
cerebellum

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5
Q

what is the gate keeper of the thalamus

A

centromedian nucleus

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6
Q

where does the dorsal median nucleus project and what is the function

A

limbic lobe
emotion

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7
Q

what is apart of the striatum

A

caudate
nucleus accumbens
putamen

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8
Q

what is apart of lentiform

A

putamen
globus pallidus

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9
Q

what is the anterior substantia nigra

A

pars reticulata

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10
Q

what is the posterior substantia nigra

A

pars compacta

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11
Q

where in the basal nuclei does the body movement loop pass through within the striatum

A

putamen

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12
Q

where in the basal nuclei does the oculomotor loop pass through within the striatum

A

caudate

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13
Q

where in the basal nuclei does the prefrontal loop pass through within the striatum

A

anterior caudate

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14
Q

where in the basal nuclei does the limbic loop pass through within the striatum

A

nucleus accumbens

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15
Q

where can medium spiny neurons be found and the functions

A

striatum
gate keeper of basal nuclei system

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16
Q

what is the afferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

A

pyramidal cells from cerebral cortex to neurons from parafascicular neurons to substantia nigra pars compacta

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17
Q

what is the function of pars compacta in the afferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

A

modulate direct and indirect pathways

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18
Q

what is the efferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

A

globus pallidus internal to pars reticulata pathway

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19
Q

what is the total function of direct pathway of basal nuclei system

A

activation of cerebral cortex
increase activity

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20
Q

what is the direct pathway flow and neurotransmitters involved

A

cerebral cortex to striatum - glutamate
to GPi segment- GABA
to VA/VL- GABA
back to cerebral cortex- glutamate

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21
Q

what is the indirect pathway flow and neurotransmitters involved

A

cerebral cortex to striatum- glutamate
to GPe segment- GABA
to subthalamic nucleus- GABA
to internal segment- glutamate
to VA/VL- GABA
back to cerebral cortex- glutamate

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22
Q

what is the total function of the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei

A

inhibition of cerebral cortex
inhibit activities

23
Q

what is the type of projections for the direct pathway in the basal nuclei

A

convergence for activating “wanted” activties

24
Q

what is the type of projections for the indirect pathway in the basal nuclei

A

divergence for inhibiting competing “unwanted” activities

25
Q

what type of neurons does substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have

A

dopaminergic neurons

26
Q

what receptors does medium spiny neurons have within the nigrostriatal direct pathway

A

D1 receptors for dopamine to activate activities

27
Q

what receptors does medium spiny neurons have within the nigrostriatal indirect pathway

A

D2 receptors for dopamine to inhibit activities

28
Q

what is the pathophysiology of parkinsons disease

A

death of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc
decreased excitatory on direct pathway
decreased inhibitory on indirect pathway

difficult to initiate wanted activities with more unwanted activities

29
Q

what are the motor impairments of parkinsons disease

A

hypokinetic- wanted activities decreased
hyperkinetic- unwanted activities increased

30
Q

what is an example of hyperkinetic

A

dyskinesia- resting tremor

31
Q

what is an example of hypokinetic

A

akinesia- riggidity, bradykinesia

32
Q

what is the treatment for parkinsons disease

A

PT
L-dopa, BBB crossing
VA/VL removal
subthalamic electrodes

more effective unwanted movements

33
Q

which neurons are the ones in charge of efferent functions in the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and striatum

A

pyramidal
purkinje
medium spiny

34
Q

what is the reason for deep brain stimulation

A

modulate indirect pathway

35
Q

where can deep stimulation be placed/affect

A

GPi
subthalamic nucleus
parafascicular nucleus

36
Q

what is the pathophysiology of huningtons disease

A

autosomal dominant
chromosome 4

37
Q

what are the S&S of huningtons disease

A

30-50 yrs of age
chorea
personality changes
cognition and emotion changes

38
Q

where in the pathway gets damaged for chorea to be present

A

indirect pathway at GPe

39
Q

what is generally atrophied in huningtons disease

A

basal nuclei- caudate

40
Q

what is impaired for hemiballismus

A

unilateral subthalamic nucleus
lost indirect pathway

41
Q

what is the S&S for hemiballismus

A

increased contralateral “unwanted” motor

42
Q

what is the pathway and neurotransmitters for oculomotor control

A

frontal eye field to body caudate- glutamate
to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr)- GABA
to superior colliculus- GABA

43
Q

what is the total effect for oculomotor control pathway

A

disinhibit tonic inhibition of SNpr on sup colliculus for eye movement

44
Q

when is the basal nuclei most active

A

in decision making (turning point)
early learning phase

45
Q

once in late learning phase, when is the basal nuclei active

A

initiating and ending the activities

46
Q

the afferent signals want to go from cerebral cortex to contralateral cerebrocerebellum, what is the pathway

A

CC to pons through middle cerebellar
or
CC to red nucleus to inf olivary through inf cerebellar with climbing fibers

47
Q

the afferent signals want to go from spinal cord to spinocerebellum, what is the pathway

A

sp cord through ipsi inf cerebellar

48
Q

the afferent signals want to go from vestibular to vestibulocerebellum, what is the pathway

A

vestibular nuclei through ipsi inf cerebellar

49
Q

what are the two ways of communication for efferent motor components in cerebrocerebellum

A

through sup cerebellar
ascending: VL to M1
horizontal: red nucleus, tectal nucleus, sup colliculus

50
Q

what is the peduncle used for spinocerebellum for oculomotor control

A

ipsi sup colliculus through sup cerebellar

51
Q

what is the peduncle used for spinocerebellum for posture control and prox extremity m control

A

sup colliculus to RF through inf cerebellar to pons and medullar reticulospinal tract

52
Q

what tract and cerebellar peduncle is used for VCR in vestibulocerebellum

A

inf cerebellar to vestibular nuclei
medial vestibulospinal for ipsi head control and eye movement

53
Q

what tract and cerebellar peduncle is used for VSR in vestibulocerebellum

A

inf cerebellar to vestibular nuclei
lateral vestibulospinal for ipsi prox extremity

54
Q

what is the function for feedback control system

A

slow movement- postural control
new skill

55
Q

what is the function for feedforward control system

A

learned skills
fast movement: saccades for eyes

56
Q

what is the mechanism of intention tremor

A

cerebrocerebellar function impaired
antagonist lag obviously
strong forces
agonist and antagonist re contract
intention tremor induced

57
Q

what might be damaged if inability to learn new skills

A

inf olivary nucleus/cerebellar nuclei

DPT 802 NeuroBio (10 decks)

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