Lecture 9- Basal nuclei and Cerebellum

Question 1

what is the relay center for all nervous system functions

Answer 1

thalamus

Question 2

where in the cerebral cortex does the anterior nucleus in the thalamus project to

Answer 2

limbic lobe

Question 3

where in the cerebral cortex does the VA in the thalamus project to

Answer 3

SMA and frontal lobe

Question 4

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL in the thalamus project to

Answer 4

substansia nigra input

Question 4

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL oral part in the thalamus project to

Answer 4

PM
basal nuclei

Question 4

where in the cerebral cortex does the VL caudal part in the thalamus project to

Answer 4

M1
cerebellum

Question 5

what is the gate keeper of the thalamus

Answer 5

centromedian nucleus

Question 6

where does the dorsal median nucleus project and what is the function

Answer 6

limbic lobe
emotion

Question 7

what is apart of the striatum

Answer 7

caudate
nucleus accumbens
putamen

Question 8

what is apart of lentiform

Answer 8

putamen
globus pallidus

Question 9

what is the anterior substantia nigra

Answer 9

pars reticulata

Question 10

what is the posterior substantia nigra

Answer 10

pars compacta

Question 11

where in the basal nuclei does the body movement loop pass through within the striatum

Answer 11

putamen

Question 12

where in the basal nuclei does the oculomotor loop pass through within the striatum

Answer 12

caudate

Question 13

where in the basal nuclei does the prefrontal loop pass through within the striatum

Answer 13

anterior caudate

Question 14

where in the basal nuclei does the limbic loop pass through within the striatum

Answer 14

nucleus accumbens

Question 15

where can medium spiny neurons be found and the functions

Answer 15

striatum
gate keeper of basal nuclei system

Question 16

what is the afferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

Answer 16

pyramidal cells from cerebral cortex to neurons from parafascicular neurons to substantia nigra pars compacta

Question 17

what is the function of pars compacta in the afferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

Answer 17

modulate direct and indirect pathways

Question 18

what is the efferent pathway for medium spiny neurons

Answer 18

globus pallidus internal to pars reticulata pathway

Question 19

what is the total function of direct pathway of basal nuclei system

Answer 19

activation of cerebral cortex
increase activity

Question 20

what is the direct pathway flow and neurotransmitters involved

Answer 20

cerebral cortex to striatum - glutamate
to GPi segment- GABA
to VA/VL- GABA
back to cerebral cortex- glutamate

Question 21

what is the indirect pathway flow and neurotransmitters involved

Answer 21

cerebral cortex to striatum- glutamate
to GPe segment- GABA
to subthalamic nucleus- GABA
to internal segment- glutamate
to VA/VL- GABA
back to cerebral cortex- glutamate

Question 22

what is the total function of the indirect pathway of the basal nuclei

Answer 22

inhibition of cerebral cortex
inhibit activities

Question 23

what is the type of projections for the direct pathway in the basal nuclei

Answer 23

convergence for activating "wanted" activties

Question 24

what is the type of projections for the indirect pathway in the basal nuclei

Answer 24

divergence for inhibiting competing "unwanted" activities

Question 25

what type of neurons does substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) have

Answer 25

dopaminergic neurons

Question 26

what receptors does medium spiny neurons have within the nigrostriatal direct pathway

Answer 26

D1 receptors for dopamine to activate activities

Question 27

what receptors does medium spiny neurons have within the nigrostriatal indirect pathway

Answer 27

D2 receptors for dopamine to inhibit activities

Question 28

what is the pathophysiology of parkinsons disease

Answer 28

death of dopaminergic neurons in SNpc decreased excitatory on direct pathway decreased inhibitory on indirect pathway difficult to initiate wanted activities with more unwanted activities

Question 29

what are the motor impairments of parkinsons disease

Answer 29

hypokinetic- wanted activities decreased hyperkinetic- unwanted activities increased

Question 30

what is an example of hyperkinetic

Answer 30

dyskinesia- resting tremor

Question 31

what is an example of hypokinetic

Answer 31

akinesia- riggidity, bradykinesia

Question 32

what is the treatment for parkinsons disease

Answer 32

PT L-dopa, BBB crossing VA/VL removal subthalamic electrodes more effective unwanted movements

Question 33

which neurons are the ones in charge of efferent functions in the cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and striatum

Answer 33

pyramidal purkinje medium spiny

Question 34

what is the reason for deep brain stimulation

Answer 34

modulate indirect pathway

Question 35

where can deep stimulation be placed/affect

Answer 35

GPi subthalamic nucleus parafascicular nucleus

Question 36

what is the pathophysiology of huningtons disease

Answer 36

autosomal dominant chromosome 4

Question 37

what are the S&S of huningtons disease

Answer 37

30-50 yrs of age chorea personality changes cognition and emotion changes

Question 38

where in the pathway gets damaged for chorea to be present

Answer 38

indirect pathway at GPe

Question 39

what is generally atrophied in huningtons disease

Answer 39

basal nuclei- caudate

Question 40

what is impaired for hemiballismus

Answer 40

unilateral subthalamic nucleus lost indirect pathway

Question 41

what is the S&S for hemiballismus

Answer 41

increased contralateral "unwanted" motor

Question 42

what is the pathway and neurotransmitters for oculomotor control

Answer 42

frontal eye field to body caudate- glutamate to substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr)- GABA to superior colliculus- GABA

Question 43

what is the total effect for oculomotor control pathway

Answer 43

disinhibit tonic inhibition of SNpr on sup colliculus for eye movement

Question 44

when is the basal nuclei most active

Answer 44

in decision making (turning point) early learning phase

Question 45

once in late learning phase, when is the basal nuclei active

Answer 45

initiating and ending the activities

Question 46

the afferent signals want to go from cerebral cortex to contralateral cerebrocerebellum, what is the pathway

Answer 46

CC to pons through middle cerebellar or CC to red nucleus to inf olivary through inf cerebellar with climbing fibers

Question 47

the afferent signals want to go from spinal cord to spinocerebellum, what is the pathway

Answer 47

sp cord through ipsi inf cerebellar

Question 48

the afferent signals want to go from vestibular to vestibulocerebellum, what is the pathway

Answer 48

vestibular nuclei through ipsi inf cerebellar

Question 49

what are the two ways of communication for efferent motor components in cerebrocerebellum

Answer 49

through sup cerebellar ascending: VL to M1 horizontal: red nucleus, tectal nucleus, sup colliculus

Question 50

what is the peduncle used for spinocerebellum for oculomotor control

Answer 50

ipsi sup colliculus through sup cerebellar

Question 51

what is the peduncle used for spinocerebellum for posture control and prox extremity m control

Answer 51

sup colliculus to RF through inf cerebellar to pons and medullar reticulospinal tract

Question 52

what tract and cerebellar peduncle is used for VCR in vestibulocerebellum

Answer 52

inf cerebellar to vestibular nuclei medial vestibulospinal for ipsi head control and eye movement

Question 53

what tract and cerebellar peduncle is used for VSR in vestibulocerebellum

Answer 53

inf cerebellar to vestibular nuclei lateral vestibulospinal for ipsi prox extremity

Question 54

what is the function for feedback control system

Answer 54

slow movement- postural control new skill

Question 55

what is the function for feedforward control system

Answer 55

learned skills fast movement: saccades for eyes

Question 56

what is the mechanism of intention tremor

Answer 56

cerebrocerebellar function impaired antagonist lag obviously strong forces agonist and antagonist re contract intention tremor induced

Question 57

what might be damaged if inability to learn new skills

Answer 57

inf olivary nucleus/cerebellar nuclei