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DPT 802 NeuroBio > Lecture 6- chemical/electrical nervous system > Flashcards

Lecture 6- chemical/electrical nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

how do neurons communicate with target cells

A

through electrical and chemical transformation

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2
Q

what is the function of a soma

A

synthesize most molecules a neuron needs to survive and function
reception and summation of signals

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3
Q

what cellular organs are housed in a neuron

A

nucleus, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, lysosome/peroxisome, mitochondria, cytoskeletal, cell membrane

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4
Q

what is the function of the nucleus in the soma

A

highly condensed and lost replicative functions in most neurons

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5
Q

what is the function of the rough ER in the soma

A

protein/peptide synthesis
produce Nissi body

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6
Q

what is the function of the smooth ER in the soma

A

lipid synthesis

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7
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus in the soma

A

modification of the synthesized protein/peptide and lipid for sorting

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8
Q

what is the function of the lysosome/peroxisome in the soma

A

degrade metabolic waste

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9
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria in the soma

A

power plant

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10
Q

what is the function of the cystoskeletal structure in the soma

A

neurofilaments

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11
Q

what cellular organs are in the axon

A

mitochondria
lysosome/peroxisome
enzyme for neurotransmitter synthesis and activation

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12
Q

what is a hillock

A

where axon is formed and extending out of soma

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13
Q

what is the function of the hillock

A

initiation of AP by peripheral process in pseudounipolar neurons

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14
Q

what does the axon form a synapses with and function

A

target cells through the terminals
release neurotransmitters

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15
Q

which neuron in the cerebellar cortex is the only one providing afferent axons to other brain structure and which neurotransmitter does it release

A

purkinje
GABA

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16
Q

what cellular organs does a dendrite have

A

golgi apparatus extension

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17
Q

what is multipolar dendrities

A

multiple dendrites from soma

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18
Q

what is bipolar dendrites

A

dendrites mainly on one end of the soma

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19
Q

what is unipolar dendrites

A

one hillock with dendrites on axon

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20
Q

what is the pseudounipolar dendrites

A

one hillock divides axon to 2 branches
most sensory neurons

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21
Q

what is the active transportation methods of molecules in a neuron

A

anterograde and retrograde

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22
Q

what is anterograde transportation

A

from soma to dendrtites/axons carrying kinesin

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23
Q

what is retrograde transportation

A

from dendrtites/axon back to the soma carrying dynein

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24
Q

what does the anterograde/retrograde transportation travel on

A

tubulins: elongating unidirectionally to the plus direction

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25
Q

how does tubulins differ between dendrites and axons

A

dendrites can go either way
axons only go to terminals

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26
Q

what delivers tubulin proteins

A

golgi apparatus

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27
Q

what channels are selectively permeable

A

water channels
ion channels (leak or gated)
ion pumps
transporters/receptors

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28
Q

what requires cellular membrane polarity

A

osmotic potential
electric potential

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29
Q

what is rest membrane potential

A

roughly negative 40 mV to 90 mV

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30
Q

what is ligand gated ion channel

A

neurotransmitter binds to the ion channel that is the receptor to change membrane potential

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31
Q

what is voltage gated ion channel

A

resting membrane increases to the threshold

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32
Q

what is modality gated

A

open or close
touch, pressure, heat, cold, light

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33
Q

what is in charge of the rest membrane potential that is polarized

A

K+

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34
Q

what are the phases of initiation of AP

A

resting potential
slow depolarization
fast depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization

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35
Q

what is resting potential

A

-70 mV

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36
Q

what is slow depolarization

A

> -70 mV, ligand/modality gated Na+
graded potential

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37
Q

what is fast depolarization

A

> -55 mV (threshold), voltage gated Na+
action potential

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38
Q

what is repolarization

A

back to -70 mV, voltage gated K+ and pumps

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39
Q

what is hyperpolarization

A

<-70 mV, voltage gated K+ and pumps

40
Q

what are the 3 stages of voltage gated Na+ channels

A

resting
activated
inactivated

41
Q

what is the resting stage of voltage gated Na+ channel

A

below threshold potential (resting and slow depolarization)
activation is closed
inactivation is open

42
Q

what is the activated stage of voltage gated Na+ channel

A

fast depolarization
both gates open

43
Q

what is the inactivated stage of voltage gated Na+ channel

A

repolarization and hyperpolarization
activation is open
inactivation is close

44
Q

What is absolute refractory period

A

Activated and inactivated states (resting, slow and fast depolarization)
Can’t induce another AP

45
Q

What is relative refractory period

A

Some channels return to resting state
Earlier than hyperpolarization phase
Can induce another AP with higher stimulation but increase threshold

46
Q

What comprises repolarization of neurons

A

Back to rest membrane potential
Compromised balance of electric and osmotic potential
Na and K pumps

47
Q

What is the flow of Na and K pump

A

3 NA out for every 2 K in
ATP dependent

48
Q

Why does AP in the middle of axon spread bidirectionally under experiment

A

Axon reflex: both afferent and efferent on one axon

49
Q

What blocks voltage gated Na channels from back flowing

A

Activated and inactivated voltage Na channels in the absolute refractory period due to unidirectional spread

50
Q

What happen with repolarization when multiple AP happen along the same axon due to increased stimuli

A

Follows absolute refractory period

51
Q

What defines conduction speed of AP

A

Axon characteristics

52
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

Layers of lipid, insulation

53
Q

What is node of ranvier in the myelin sheath

A

Small gap only for voltage gated Na channels

54
Q

Where are the potassium channels in the myelin sheath

A

Internodes

55
Q

What is saltatory conduction in the myelin sheath

A

AP conduction jumping from one node to another

56
Q

What does the myelin sheath diameter determine for conduction speed of AP

A

Bigger is faster and less resistance

57
Q

What is damaged in the CNS for MS

A

Oligodendrocyte myelin
Olfactory bulb/tract
CN II optic nerve

58
Q

What is the communication between myelin layers

A

Gap junctions for signal and molecule transportation

59
Q

What is damaged in the PNS for Gillian Barre syndrome

A

Schwann cell myelin

60
Q

What does target cells synapse with within the neuron

A

Dendrites
Soma
Axon

61
Q

What does communication with target cells overall affect

A

Muscles and glands

62
Q

What are the components of an electrical synapse with target cells

A

Gap junction
Bidirectional conduction

63
Q

What are the components of a chemical synapse of target cells

A

Presynaptic axon terminal (neurotransmitters)
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane (receptors)

64
Q

What are the postsynaptic membrane receptors used with chemical synapse with target cells

A

Ligand gated ion channels
G protein coupled receptors

65
Q

How is info relayed of the electrochemical signals in target cells

A

AP arrives at presynaptic terminal of chemical synapse
Release neurotransmitters
Initiate response

66
Q

What happens within the presynaptic terminal in chemical synapse

A

Depolarization opens Ca channel (voltage gated)
Inflow of Ca
Fuse vesicles with presynaptic membrane

67
Q

What happens within the release of neurotransmitters within target cell synapse

A

Diffusion across synaptic cleft
Bind to receptors on postynaptic memebrane

68
Q

Once neurotransmitters are released within the synapse of target cells what response is initiated

A

Excitatory: EPSP
depolarize postsynaptic membrane
No AP initiation

Inhibitory (IPSP)
Hyperpolarize postsynaptic membrane
No AP

69
Q

What is the functions of the ligand gated ion channel in the postsynaptic membrane

A

Ionotropic receptor
Fast, point to point, specific
One AP
small vesicles with different neurotransmitter
Depolarization or hyperpolarization

70
Q

What is the functions of the G protein coupled receptor in the postsynaptic membrane

A

GPCR, 2nd messenger
slow, point to area, nonspecific
small vesicles with different neurotransmitters
large vesicles release neurotransmitters
binding of neurotransmitters to release G protein
multiple responses

71
Q

what is temporal summation

A

stimuli from presynaptic neurons from same location or locations with different time frames

72
Q

what is spatial summation

A

presynaptic neurons fire from different locations at the same time

73
Q

what are the results of total summation if its -60 mV

A

over resting (-70 mV) under threshold (-55 mV)
excitatory
no AP initiation

74
Q

what are the results of total summation if its -50 mV

A

over threshold (-55mV)
excitatory
AP initiation

75
Q

what are the results of total summation if its -90 mV

A

lower than resting (-70 mV)
inhibitory
hyperpolarized and refractory to be activated

76
Q

what voltage gate is opened by depolarization for NMJ

A

Ca2+ channel

77
Q

what does acetylcholine bind to and what happens

A

nicotinic receptor on alpha subunit to open Na+ channel that depolarizes postsynaptic membrane that initiates m contraction

78
Q

what are the syndromes that affect the presynaptic channels of NMJ

A

lambert eaton
isaacs

79
Q

what is lambert eaton syndrome

A

presynaptic channel
VGCC
diminished Ca2+

80
Q

how does diminished Ca2+ channel affect the function in lambert eaton

A

impaired fusion of ACh vesicles with membrane
weakness, flaccidity

81
Q

what is isaacs syndrome

A

presynaptic channel
VGKC
blocked K+ channel

82
Q

how does diminished K+ channel affect the function in isaacs syndrome

A

impaired depolarization
continuous release of acetylcholine resulting in spasm

83
Q

what are the syndrome that affect the postsynaptic channels of NMJ

A

myasthenia gravis

84
Q

what is myasthenia gravis

A

postsynaptic channel
directly affect AChR: sodium channel
indirectly affect AChR localization

85
Q

what are the stabilizers for AChR localization

A

MuSK and LRP4

86
Q

what are the S&S of myasthenia gravis

A

weakness, eye muscles are often the worst

87
Q

what is the treatment of myasthenia gravis

A

block acetylcholinesterase

88
Q

what receptor responds to ACh in the ionotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in PNS

A

nicotinic
fast EPSP

89
Q

what receptor responds to ACh in the metabotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in PNS

A

GPCR based
muscarine
slow IPSP in smooth and cardiac m

90
Q

what receptor responds to ACh in the metabotropic receptor of postynaptic membrane in CNS

A

GPCR based
muscarine
modulating functions
point to area, non specific, slow

91
Q

what is muscarine

A

agonist of AChR in brain/PNS (parasympathetic) deadly poison

92
Q

what are the 4 main categories of neurotransmitters

A

amines
amino acids
neuropeptides
other small molecules or oins

93
Q

what can aspirin be used for regarding neurotransmitters

A

agonist- increase neurotransmitters
prevent reuptake
block degradation
disinhibition

94
Q

what can curare be used for regarding neurotransmitters

A

antagonist (ACh)- decrease neurotransmitter

95
Q

what 3 amines help the ARAS for arousal and alert status

A

dopamine
norepinephrine
serotonin

DPT 802 NeuroBio (10 decks)

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