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BIO5B > Lecture 9: Animal Form, Function, Energetics (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Animal Form, Function, Energetics (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

what tells us how organisms changed over millennium?

A

evolution and diversification

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2
Q

anatomy is

A

the study of the biological form of an organism

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3
Q

physiology

A

study of the biological functions an organism performs

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4
Q

What is the relationship between chemical reactions in cell and intracellular communication & whole animal performance

A
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5
Q

The summed activity of all chemical actions in the body is

A

metabolism

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6
Q

Importance of individual components of a process within an organ work together to carry out the systems function

A
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7
Q

Relate structure to function

A
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8
Q

be able to identify diagrams of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

A
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9
Q

Chemical reactions of cells

A
  • product of information (DNA)
  • communication with environment
  • in multicellular organisms, there is communication between cells and tissues as well as environment
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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

all organisms regulate the cellular and organismal environment

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11
Q

Examples of things that are regulated in animals

A
  • Membrane permeability
  • osmosis and diffusion
  • solute regulation
  • metabolic fuel use and distribution
  • physiological systems (digestive, excretory, circulatory)
  • neural and endocrine control systems
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12
Q

How do organ systems maximize their functions?

A

by maximizing their surface area through
- branching
- folding
- forming multiple units

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13
Q

organization of animal body plans

A

specialized cells –> organized into tissues –> tissues make up organs –> together make up organ systems

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14
Q

Emergent Property

A

the whole is more than the sum of the parts
ex: you might not be able to predict how the circulatory system works by knowing how ur heart muscle cells work

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15
Q

The four main categories of tissues are

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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16
Q

Epithelial

A
  • cover the body (in and out)
  • contain cells that are closely joined and vary in shape and arrangement
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17
Q

connective tissue

A
  • mainly binds together and supports other tissues
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18
Q

muscle tissue

A

consists of long cells called muscle fibers that contract in response to nerve signals

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19
Q

nervous tissue

A

senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

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20
Q

Epithelial tissue cell shape and arrangements

A

shape: cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (floor tiles)

arrangement: simple (single layer), stratified (multiple layers), or pseudostratified (single layer varying length)

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21
Q

Connective tissue layout

A
  • sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
  • consists of fibers in a fluid (blood cells) , jellylike (cartilage) , or solid foundation (bones)
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22
Q

Specific types of muscle tissue and their functions

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle (striated) : responsible for voluntary movement
smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary body activities
cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart

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23
Q

specific types of nervous tissue

A
  • neurons, bunched to make nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses
  • glial cells, or glia that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
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24
Q

Difference between regulation and conforming in physiological systems

A
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25
Q

Be able to explain what regulates animal physiology (homeostasis, regulation and feedback (- and +) )

A
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26
Q

In positive feedback, the signal is _______ to the system

A

external

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27
Q

Two general categories of internal management

A

regulator, conformer

regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation

conformer: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes

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28
Q

Homeostasis

A

the process by which animal regulation is performed

  • used to maintain a steady state regardless of ext environment
  • degree of regulation varies across species
  • mechanisms moderate changes in the internal environment
  • for a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus; detected by a sensor and trigger a response (feedback)
29
Q

what is regulated in an organisms body

A

temperature, electrolytes, gases, and other important chemicals

30
Q

stimulus

A

detectable change

31
Q

set point

A

where the physiological variable should be

32
Q

sensor

A

process that detects the variable being controlled

33
Q

response

A

brings system back toward set point

34
Q

negative feedback

A
  • helps to return a variable to a normal range or a set point
  • buildup of end product shuts system off
  • control is mediated through set point
  • signal is “inverted” to turn system around
35
Q

positive feedback

A
  • not as common, stimulus is external to loop itself usually
  • must be a cessation (stop) of the stimulus
    ex: childbirth, lactation, blood clotting, inflammatory response
  • signal is “amplified” so system keeps increasing or decreasing its output
36
Q

acclimatization

A

homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment

37
Q

define thermoregulation and explain how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets

A
38
Q

describe how a countercurrent heat exchanger may function to retain heat within an animal body

A
39
Q

define metabolic rate and explain why large animals have a lower per gram cost of living

A
40
Q

thermoregulation

A

process by which animals maintain a tolerable internal temperature

41
Q

endothermic animals

A

generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals

42
Q

ectothermic animals

A

gain heat from external sources; most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles

43
Q

4 ways organisms exchange heat

A

conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation

44
Q

5 adaptations that helps animals thermoregulate

A
  1. insulation
  2. circulatory adaptations
  3. cooling by evaporative heat loss
  4. behavioral responses
  5. adjusting metabolic heat production
45
Q

Insulation

A
  • major in mammals and birds
  • skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow between animal and its environment
46
Q

circulatory adaptations

A
  • regulate blood flow near body surface
  • endo and ectotherms can alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin
  • in vasodilation, blood flow in skin increases –> facilitating heat loss
  • vasoconstriction, blood flow in skin decreasing, lowering heat loss
47
Q

countercurrent exchange

A
  • transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions
  • requires large # of closely aligned vessel exchange heat over a long dist
48
Q

cooling by evaporative heat loss

A
  • sweat (evaporation of water)
  • panting
  • sweating or bathing moistens skin
49
Q

Behavioral Responses

A
  • endo & ectotherms use behavioral responses to control body temperature
  • some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat
50
Q

adjusting metabolic heat production

A
  • heat production increased by muscle activity such as moving/shivering
  • ectotherms can shiver to increase body temp
51
Q

understand how animals body surface area and volume change with size

A
52
Q

difference between basal, standard, daily metabolic rate

A
53
Q

understand endo and ectotherms have metabolic rates that differ by an order of magnitude

A
54
Q

indirect impact of size on ecological habitat use or food choice

A
55
Q

torpor vs. hibernation

A
56
Q

Bioenergetics

A
  • overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
  • determines how much food an animal needs and relates to animal’s size, activity, and environment
57
Q

metabolic rate

A
  • amount of energy animal uses in a unit of time (kcal/hr)
  • can be measured by O2 consumed or CO2 produced
  • approximates total cellular respiration and energy use of body
58
Q

BMR (basal metabolic rate)

A

metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature (maintenance)

59
Q

SMR (standard metabolic rate)

A

metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature

60
Q

Daily metabolic rate (DMR)

A

amount of energy used over a 24 hr period

61
Q

both metabolic rates assume a

A

non-growing, fasting, non-stressed animal

62
Q

who has a lower metabolic rate, ectotherms or endotherms?

A

ectotherms

63
Q

two influences on metabolic rate

A
  1. size of animal
  2. type and intensity of activity its performing
64
Q

mass-specific metabolic rate

A

how much energy is used as a function of size of the animal
- larger animals are more efficient
- higher metabolic rate is a higher O2 delivery rate in small animals compared to large

65
Q

Energy expenditure of large animals vs small animals

A
  • Large animals eat more and expend more energy than small animals
  • however, small animals eat more food per gram of body mass
  • the graph of size and metabolic rate is non-linear
66
Q

Torpor state

A
  • activity is low and metabolism decreases
  • enables animals to save energy while avoiding dangerous conditions, lasting for hours or a day at most
67
Q

Hibernation

A

long-term phenomenon that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity - it lasts for days or weeks

68
Q

torpor and hibernation states are both found in

A

mammals below 15 kg

69
Q

Estivation

A

“summer torpor”, enables animals to survive long periods of high temp and scarce water supply

BIO5B (23 decks)

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