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BIO5B > Lecture 9: Animal Form, Function, Energetics (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Animal Form, Function, Energetics (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

what tells us how organisms changed over millennium?

A

evolution and diversification

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2
Q

anatomy is

A

the study of the biological form of an organism

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3
Q

physiology

A

study of the biological functions an organism performs

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4
Q

What is the relationship between chemical reactions in cell and intracellular communication & whole animal performance

A
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5
Q

The summed activity of all chemical actions in the body is

A

metabolism

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6
Q

Importance of individual components of a process within an organ work together to carry out the systems function

A
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7
Q

Relate structure to function

A
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8
Q

be able to identify diagrams of epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

A
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9
Q

Chemical reactions of cells

A
  • product of information (DNA)
  • communication with environment
  • in multicellular organisms, there is communication between cells and tissues as well as environment
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10
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

all organisms regulate the cellular and organismal environment

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11
Q

Examples of things that are regulated in animals

A
  • Membrane permeability
  • osmosis and diffusion
  • solute regulation
  • metabolic fuel use and distribution
  • physiological systems (digestive, excretory, circulatory)
  • neural and endocrine control systems
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12
Q

How do organ systems maximize their functions?

A

by maximizing their surface area through
- branching
- folding
- forming multiple units

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13
Q

organization of animal body plans

A

specialized cells –> organized into tissues –> tissues make up organs –> together make up organ systems

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14
Q

Emergent Property

A

the whole is more than the sum of the parts
ex: you might not be able to predict how the circulatory system works by knowing how ur heart muscle cells work

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15
Q

The four main categories of tissues are

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
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16
Q

Epithelial

A
  • cover the body (in and out)
  • contain cells that are closely joined and vary in shape and arrangement
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17
Q

connective tissue

A
  • mainly binds together and supports other tissues
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18
Q

muscle tissue

A

consists of long cells called muscle fibers that contract in response to nerve signals

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19
Q

nervous tissue

A

senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal

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20
Q

Epithelial tissue cell shape and arrangements

A

shape: cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (floor tiles)

arrangement: simple (single layer), stratified (multiple layers), or pseudostratified (single layer varying length)

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21
Q

Connective tissue layout

A
  • sparsely packed cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix
  • consists of fibers in a fluid (blood cells) , jellylike (cartilage) , or solid foundation (bones)
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22
Q

Specific types of muscle tissue and their functions

A

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle (striated) : responsible for voluntary movement
smooth muscle: responsible for involuntary body activities
cardiac muscle: responsible for contraction of the heart

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23
Q

specific types of nervous tissue

A
  • neurons, bunched to make nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses
  • glial cells, or glia that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons
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24
Q

Difference between regulation and conforming in physiological systems

A
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25
Be able to explain what regulates animal physiology (homeostasis, regulation and feedback (- and +) )
26
In positive feedback, the signal is _______ to the system
external
27
Two general categories of internal management
regulator, conformer regulator: uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation conformer: allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes
28
Homeostasis
the process by which animal regulation is performed - used to maintain a steady state regardless of ext environment - degree of regulation varies across species - mechanisms moderate changes in the internal environment - for a given variable, fluctuations above or below a set point serve as a stimulus; detected by a sensor and trigger a response (feedback)
29
what is regulated in an organisms body
temperature, electrolytes, gases, and other important chemicals
30
stimulus
detectable change
31
set point
where the physiological variable should be
32
sensor
process that detects the variable being controlled
33
response
brings system back toward set point
34
negative feedback
- helps to return a variable to a normal range or a set point - buildup of end product shuts system off - control is mediated through set point - signal is "inverted" to turn system around
35
positive feedback
- not as common, stimulus is external to loop itself usually - must be a cessation (stop) of the stimulus ex: childbirth, lactation, blood clotting, inflammatory response - signal is "amplified" so system keeps increasing or decreasing its output
36
acclimatization
homeostasis can adjust to changes in external environment
37
define thermoregulation and explain how endotherms and ectotherms manage their heat budgets
38
describe how a countercurrent heat exchanger may function to retain heat within an animal body
39
define metabolic rate and explain why large animals have a lower per gram cost of living
40
thermoregulation
process by which animals maintain a tolerable internal temperature
41
endothermic animals
generate heat by metabolism; birds and mammals
42
ectothermic animals
gain heat from external sources; most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptiles
43
4 ways organisms exchange heat
conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation
44
5 adaptations that helps animals thermoregulate
1. insulation 2. circulatory adaptations 3. cooling by evaporative heat loss 4. behavioral responses 5. adjusting metabolic heat production
45
Insulation
- major in mammals and birds - skin, feathers, fur, and blubber reduce heat flow between animal and its environment
46
circulatory adaptations
- regulate blood flow near body surface - endo and ectotherms can alter amount of blood flowing between body core and skin - in vasodilation, blood flow in skin increases --> facilitating heat loss - vasoconstriction, blood flow in skin decreasing, lowering heat loss
47
countercurrent exchange
- transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions - requires large # of closely aligned vessel exchange heat over a long dist
48
cooling by evaporative heat loss
- sweat (evaporation of water) - panting - sweating or bathing moistens skin
49
Behavioral Responses
- endo & ectotherms use behavioral responses to control body temperature - some terrestrial invertebrates have postures that minimize or maximize absorption of solar heat
50
adjusting metabolic heat production
- heat production increased by muscle activity such as moving/shivering - ectotherms can shiver to increase body temp
51
understand how animals body surface area and volume change with size
52
difference between basal, standard, daily metabolic rate
53
understand endo and ectotherms have metabolic rates that differ by an order of magnitude
54
indirect impact of size on ecological habitat use or food choice
55
torpor vs. hibernation
56
Bioenergetics
- overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal - determines how much food an animal needs and relates to animal's size, activity, and environment
57
metabolic rate
- amount of energy animal uses in a unit of time (kcal/hr) - can be measured by O2 consumed or CO2 produced - approximates total cellular respiration and energy use of body
58
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
metabolic rate of an endotherm at rest at a comfortable temperature (maintenance)
59
SMR (standard metabolic rate)
metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature
60
Daily metabolic rate (DMR)
amount of energy used over a 24 hr period
61
both metabolic rates assume a
non-growing, fasting, non-stressed animal
62
who has a lower metabolic rate, ectotherms or endotherms?
ectotherms
63
two influences on metabolic rate
1. size of animal 2. type and intensity of activity its performing
64
mass-specific metabolic rate
how much energy is used as a function of size of the animal - larger animals are more efficient - higher metabolic rate is a higher O2 delivery rate in small animals compared to large
65
Energy expenditure of large animals vs small animals
- Large animals eat more and expend more energy than small animals - however, small animals eat more food per gram of body mass - the graph of size and metabolic rate is non-linear
66
Torpor state
- activity is low and metabolism decreases - enables animals to save energy while avoiding dangerous conditions, lasting for hours or a day at most
67
Hibernation
long-term phenomenon that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity - it lasts for days or weeks
68
torpor and hibernation states are both found in
mammals below 15 kg
69
Estivation
"summer torpor", enables animals to survive long periods of high temp and scarce water supply

BIO5B (23 decks)

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