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BIO5B > Lecture 2: The Prokaryotes (Bacteria & Archaea) > Flashcards

Lecture 2: The Prokaryotes (Bacteria & Archaea) Flashcards

1
Q

most life on the planet are

A

unicellular prokaryotes

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2
Q

Characteristics of bacteria and archaea

A
  1. microscopic
  2. tremendous numbers
  3. thrive almost everywhere
  4. mostly unicellular
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3
Q

shapes of prokaryotic cells

A
  1. spheres (cocci) like streptococcus
  2. rods (bacilli) like e. coli
  3. spirals like syphilis
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4
Q

Bacteria have cell walls with

A

peptidoglycan

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5
Q

peptidoglycan

A

network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides

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6
Q

Archaea contain polysaccharides and protein but lack

A

peptidoglycan

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7
Q

eukaryote cell walls are made of

A

cellulose or chitin

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8
Q

antibiotics target _____ and damage bacterial cell walls

A

peptidoglycan

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9
Q

Prokaryotes also lack

A

nuclei and other organelles

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10
Q

frimbriae:

A

hairlike appendages that help cells adhere to other cells or substrate

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11
Q

Capsule

A

sticky layer of polysaccharide that can help cell adherence and/or evade host immune system

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12
Q

sex pilus

A

facilitates conjugation

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13
Q

flagella

A

helps bacteria move through

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14
Q

prokaryote chromosomes are

A

circular and not in a nucleus

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15
Q

bacteria exhibit taxis, which is

A

the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli
(toward = + , away = - )

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16
Q

basal apparatus

A

motor; system of rings in cell wall and membrane powered by ATP pump

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17
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

binary fission

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18
Q

prokaryotes divide how often?

A

every 1-3 hours

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19
Q

though mutation rates are slow, prokaryotes accumulate rapidly which leads to

A

rapid evolution

20
Q

3 factors of prokaryote diversity

A
  1. Rapid reproduction
  2. Mutation
  3. Genetic recombination
21
Q

prokaryotic DNA is brought together by

A

transformation, transduction, and conjugation

22
Q

transformation

A

incorporating foreign DNA from the surrounding environment

23
Q

conjugation

A

plasmids are transferred between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

24
Q

transduction

A

movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages

25
Q

transduction steps

A

land on target, pierce through, then insert DNA

26
Q

phototrophs

A

obtain energy from light

27
Q

chemotrophs

A

obtain energy from chemicals

28
Q

autotrophs

A

require CO2 as a carbon source

29
Q

Heterotrophs

A

require organic nutrient as carbon source

30
Q

photoautotroph

A

use energy from light (ex: plants)

31
Q

chemoautotroph

A

energy from redox of inorganic compounds (ex: sulphur)

32
Q

photoheterotroph

A

derive carbon requirements from organic compounds

33
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

consumes other organisms for energy (ex: humans )

34
Q

heterocytes

A

nitrogen-fixing cells that exchange metabolic products in Anabaena

35
Q

biofilms

A

surface-coating colonies with various functions such as

36
Q

Role of prokaryotes

A

recycling chemical elements, chemoheterotrophic decomposers, nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes

37
Q

Symbiosis

A

ecological, close-contact relationship with a larger host and a smaller symbiont

38
Q

mutualism

A

both symbiotic organisms benefit

39
Q

commensalism

A

one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other

40
Q

parasitism

A

parasite harms but doesn’t kill its host

41
Q

parasites that cause disease are called

A

pathogens

42
Q

important pathogenic prokaryotes

A

exotoxins and endotoxins

43
Q

exotoxins

A

cause disease even if prokaryotes that produce them are not present (always there even if organism is dead)

44
Q

endotoxins

A

released only when bacteria die and cell walls break down

45
Q

other prokaryote functions

A

animal digestive functioning, bioremediation, producing ethanol

BIO5B (23 decks)

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