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BIO5B > Lecture 11: Circulation (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Circulation (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

By which process do most gases move easily through membranes?

A

diffusion

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2
Q

diffusion is used in what type of animals

A

single celled and small

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3
Q

larger animals use what for the transport of gas and other materials

A

distributive systems

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4
Q

most exchange of material in cells occur

A

across thin epithelial tissues

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5
Q

what are the characteristics for diffusion to be viable

A

less than 10mm distance and one or two cell layers

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6
Q

true or false: diffusion is possible in gastrovascular cavities

A

true

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7
Q

both open and closed circulatory systems have three basic components

A
  • a circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
  • set of tubes (blood vessels)
  • muscular pump (heart)
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8
Q

distributive systems use ______ through circulating blood to carry materials from one place to another efficiently

A

convection

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9
Q

in insects, arthropods, and molluscs, blood bathes the organs directly in

A

open circulatory system

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10
Q

the general body fluid in an open circulatory system

A

hemolymph

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11
Q

in a closed circulatory system, blood is ______ to vessels and is ______ from interstitial fluid

A

confined; distinct

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12
Q

closed or open systems are more efficient at transporting circulatory fluids to tissues and cells

A

closed systems

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13
Q

the closed circulatory system humans and other vertebrates have is called the

A

cardiovascular system

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14
Q

three main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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15
Q

arteries branch into ______ and carry blood to ______

A

arterioles; capillaries

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16
Q

Networks of capillaries that are the sites of chemical exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

capillary beds

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17
Q

venuoles converge into _______ and return what from the capillaries to the heart?

A

veins; return blood

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18
Q

What are the 3 goals of circulation

A
  1. gas exchange
  2. energy balance
  3. osmoregulation
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19
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • deliver respiratory gases to the tissues in the body for cellular respiration
  • remove gases that are a byproduct of cellular respiration to respiratory surfaces for disposal
20
Q

Energy balance in circulation

A
  • deliver byproducts of digestion and absorption to the liver and other tissues for processing
  • remove waste products of nutrient breakdown during cellular respiration to kidney for excretion
21
Q

Osmoregulation

A

carrying water, other ions, and signal molecules throughout the body

22
Q

Two plans of circulation

A

single circulation and double circulation

23
Q

single circuits (circulation)

A

blood is pumped to the respiratory surfaces so it can dump CO2 and pick up O2 for direct delivery to tissues; low pressure throughout

24
Q

double circuits

A

low & high pressure circuit;
low pressure circuit: blood is pumped from heart to the lungs for exchange of gases
high pressure circuit: blood is pumped from heart through the body for delivery of gases to tissues

25
Q

single circuit vs double circuit

A

single circuits have slow delivery due to low pressure, so its found in animals with low metabolic rates; double circuits will have constant delivery due to high pressure, so it’s found in more active animals with high metabolic rates & even high body temperatures

26
Q

Explain how blood and oxygen are distributed in a two circuit system

A
  1. the pulmonary circuit takes O2 poor blood and sends it to the lungs to become oxygenated
  2. once oxygenated, blood flows back to the heart then through the systemic circuit –> organs & muscles. this leads to an O2 rich and O2 poor circuit
  3. there is higher blood pressure in the organs because the circuit is high pressure
27
Q

amphibians have a _____ chambered heart

A

three (2 atria and 1 ventricle)

28
Q

reptiles have a _____ chambered heart with

A

three with a more complex ventricle

29
Q

the reptile heart is more efficient than the amphibian heart because

A

there is a better separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood; more O2 can then be delivered to the system

30
Q

mammal and bird heart structure

A

4 chambers; left side of heart receives oxygenated blood while right side receives deoxygenated blood

31
Q

mammals and birds hearts are the most efficient because

A

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are fully separated; there is a low and a high pressure circuit for blood flow to different areas

32
Q

process of blood flow in mammals

A
  1. right ventricle pumps blood to lungs
  2. in the lungs, the blood loads O2 and unloads CO2 to be exhaled
  3. O2-rich blood from lungs enters heart at the left atrium, then goes to the left ventricle and is pumped through the aorta to body tissues
  4. blood leaves ventricle & heart through the aorta
  5. blood is sent to the peripheral capillary beds
  6. at the systemic beds, blood dumps O2 then picks up CO2 and starts back to the heart
  7. superior vena cava & inferior vena cava flow into the right atrium –> right ventricle
33
Q

cardiac cycle

A

the rhythmic cycle in which the heart contracts & relaxes

34
Q

relaxation or filling phase of the heart cycle

A

diastole

35
Q

contracting/pumping phase of the heart cycle

A

systole

36
Q

heart rate

A

beats/minute

37
Q

stroke volume

A

blood pumped in a single contraction or beat (ml/beat)

38
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped into systemic circulation per minute & depends on heart rate and stroke volume (ml/minute)

39
Q

cardiac output formula

A

heart rate * stroke volume

40
Q

The 4 valves that prevent backflow of blood in the heart and their function

A

2 atrioventricular valves that separate each atrium and ventricle; 2 semilunar valves that control blood flow to the aorta & pulmonary artery

41
Q

capillaries

A

thin walls and lined with endothelium + basement membrane to facilitate exchange of materials

42
Q

arteries vs veins

A
  • both have endothelium, smooth muscle, connective tissue
  • arteries have thicker walls than veins to accommodate high pressure of blood pumped from heart
  • in thinner-walled veins, blood flows back to the heart mainly as a result of muscle action
43
Q

why is the flow of blood slow in the capillaries

A

for time to diffuse/exchange materials

44
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole; highest pressure in the arteries

45
Q

diastolic pressure

A

pressure in arteries during diastole; lower than systolic

BIO5B (23 decks)

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