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BIO5B > Lecture 13 + 14: Osmoregulation (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 13 + 14: Osmoregulation (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic

A

isoosmotic: equal osmolarity, so movement of water is equal in both directions
if two solutions differ in osmolarity, the net flow of water is from the hyposmotic to the hyperosmotic solution

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2
Q

What is the difference between an osmoregulator & osmoconformer

A

** osmoconformer**: is isoosmotic with their surroundings and doesn’t regulate their osmolarity
osmoregulators: expend energy to control water uptke and loss in a hyperosmotic or hypoosmotic environment

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3
Q

what’s the difference between stenohaline and euryhaline animals

A

euryhaline animals can tolerate a great deal of change; stenohaline cannot tolerate substantial changes

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4
Q

what are the osmoregulatory challenges faced by freshwater & marine animals

A
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5
Q

what is excretion?

A

disposal of nitrogen containing metabolites and other waste products

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6
Q

what is Osmolarity?

A
  • cells require a balance between osmotic gain and loss of water
  • osmolarity is the solute concentration of a solution. it determines the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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7
Q

how is osmolarity measured

A

number of moles solute / L solvent

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8
Q

what is osmotic potential

A

the potential for solutes and/or particles to move in a solution; more osmotic potential = more molecules

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9
Q

many marine inverterbates are osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

A

osmoconformers

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10
Q

many marine verterbates are osmoconformers or osmoregulators?

A

osmoregulators

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11
Q

marine bony fishes are hyposmotic to sea water; explain their loss and gain of nutrients

A
  • lose water by osmosis, gain salt by diffusion and from food
  • balance water loss by drinking seawater and excreting salts
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12
Q

freshwater animals take in water by ? ________ from a ?____________ environment

A

osmosis; hyposmotic
- they lose salt by diffusion and maintain water balance by excreting large amounts of dilute urine
- salts lost through diffusion are replaced in foods and by uptake across the gills

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13
Q

what is anhydrobiosis

A

when aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water & survive in a dormant state

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14
Q

some animals convert which compound to less toxic compounds prior to excretion

A

ammonia (NH3)

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15
Q

the waste product of aquatic animals is

A

ammonia

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16
Q

the waste product of mammals is

A

urea

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17
Q

the waste product of reptiles is

A

uric acid

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18
Q

the liver of mammals and most adult amphibians convert ammonia to less toxic ____

A

urea

19
Q

urea is carried to where, and then gets excreted

A

kidneys

20
Q

conversion of ammonia to urea is energetically expensive: true or false

A

true

21
Q

insects, land snails, and many reptiles, excrete

A

uric acid

22
Q

uric acid characteristics

A
  • largely insoluble in water & can be secreted as a paste with little water loss
  • uric acid is more energetically expensive to produce than urea
23
Q

importance of excretory systems

A

excretory systems **regulate solute movement **between internal fluids and the external environment

24
Q

most excretory systems produce urine by

A

refining a filtrate derived from body fluids

25
Q

4 key functions of most excretory systems

A
  1. filtration: pressure-filtering of body fluids
  2. reabsorption: reclaiming valuable solutes from filtrate to the blood or body fluids
  3. secretion: adding toxins and other solutes from the body fluids to the filtrate
  4. excretion: removing filtrate from the system
26
Q

steps of excretion

A
  1. collect fluids
  2. modify composition of fluids (passive and active transport)
  3. expulsion of excretory fluid from body
27
Q

protonephridia

A
  • a network of dead-end tubules connected to external openings
  • smallest branches of the network are capped by a cellular unit called a flame bulb
  • tubules excrete a dilute fluid and function in **osmoregulation **
28
Q

metanephridia

A

excretory unit in earthworms that produce dilute urine

29
Q

what do malpighian tubules function as?

A

they remove nitrogenous wastes from the hemolymph and function in osmoregulation

30
Q

explain the digestive tract of insects with malpighian tubules

A

wastes and ions are secreted into the tubules; in the rectum many valuable solutes are recaptured by active transport

31
Q

Kidneys

A
  • organs of excretion and osmoregulation in verterbrates
  • in mammals, paired kidneys are the principal site of water balance and salt regulation
32
Q

Structure of the Mammalian Excretory System

A
  • each kidney is supplied with blood by a renal artery, drained by a renal vein
  • urine exits each kidney through a duct called the ureter
  • both ureters drain into a common** urinary bladder**, urine is expelled through a urethra
33
Q

two distinct regions of the mammalian kidney

A

outer renal cortex and an inner renal medulla

34
Q

the repeating units of the kidney are called

A

nephrons

35
Q

nephron structure

A

functional unit of the verterbrate kidney; it consists of a single long tubule & a ball of capillaries called the glomerulus

36
Q

what is bowman’s capsule

A

it surrounds and receives filtrate from the glomerulus

37
Q

how does filtration occur

A

blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman’s capsule

38
Q

only what two things avoid filtration

A

red blood cells and large molecules

39
Q

what pathway does blood run

A

countercurrent exchange; opposite the filtrate

40
Q

Through which 3 regions does blood flow and what are the steps after

A
  1. proximal tubule
  2. loop of Henle
  3. distal tubule
  4. filtrate goes to the collecting duct
  5. then out to the renal pelvis
41
Q

what are vasa recta

A
  • capillaries that serve the loop of Henle
  • vasa recta and loop of Henle function as a countercurrent system
42
Q

what are the two types of nephrons

A

-cortical
- juxtamedullary

43
Q

what is the importance of the length of the loop of Henle

A

the longer it is, the more concentrated

BIO5B (23 decks)

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