Lecture 4: Animal Diversity

Question 1

The Animal Kingdom

Answer 1

1. beetles make up the greatest amount
2. history more than half a billion years
3. great diversity of living species

Question 2

common ancestor of animals may have resembled

Answer 2

choanoflagellates (which are sister taxa)

Question 3

choanoflagellates are the sister group to

Answer 3

Metazoa (animals)

Question 4

Choanoflagellate cells are morphologically similar to

Answer 4

collar cells of sponges

Question 5

there are similar cells to choanoflagellates in

Answer 5

cndiarians, flatworms, echinioderms

Question 6

DNA sequences indicate that

Answer 6

choanoflagellates and animals are sister taxa

Question 7

Animal characteristics

Answer 7

multicellular, chemoheterotrophic eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

Question 8

3 main animal characteristics

Answer 8

1. nutritional mode
2. cell structure and specialization
3. reproduction and development

Question 9

Animals, unlike plants, cannot

Answer 9

construct all of their own organic molecules

Question 10

Animals do not feed by

Answer 10

absorption

Question 11

Animal structure

Answer 11

1. lack cell walls
2. bodies are held together by structural proteins
3. nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique to animals

Question 12

how do animals reproduce

Answer 12

1. sexually, with the diploid stage dominating the life cycle
2. zygote undergoes rapid cell division called cleavage
3. cleavage forms a blastula
4. blastula undergoes gastrulation, forming a gastrula with different layers of embryonic tissues

Question 13

What specific genes do animals have that regulate the development of body form

Answer 13

hox genes

Question 14

hox genes are highly

Answer 14

conserved; passed on

Question 15

radial symmetry

Answer 15

can be cut into two planes

Question 16

bilateral symmetry

Answer 16

two-sides symmetry

Question 17

bilaterally symmetrical animals have

Answer 17

1. a dorsal (top) and a ventral (bottom) side
2. right and left side
3. anterior (head) & posterior (tail) ends
4. cephalization, development of a head

Question 18

animal body plans vary according to

Answer 18

the organization of the animal’s tissues

Question 19

tissues are collections of

Answer 19

specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

Question 20

three germ layers

Answer 20

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 21

ectoderm

Answer 21

germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

Question 22

endoderm

Answer 22

innermost germ layer which lines the archenteron (digestive tube)

Question 23

diploblastic animals

Answer 23

have ectoderm and endoderm

Question 24

triploblastic animals have

Answer 24

a mesoderm layer; including all bilaterians

Question 25

triploblastic animals have a body cavity known as a

Answer 25

coelom

Question 26

the coelom comes from

Answer 26

mesoderm \

Question 27

these animals with coeloms are called

Answer 27

coelomates

Question 28

what is a hemocoel

Answer 28

a triploblastic animals with a body cavity between the mesoderm and endoderm

Question 29

the fluid within the hemocoel is

Answer 29

hemolymph

Question 30

triploblastic animals without a coelom are

Answer 30

acoelomates

Question 31

acoelomates are ___ and don’t need an

Answer 31

thin-walled, internal transport system

Question 32

protostome development

Answer 32

cleavage is spiral and determinate

Question 33

deuterostome development

Answer 33

cleavage is radial and indeterminate

Question 34

in indeterminate cleavage, each cell has the capacity to

Answer 34

develop into a stem cell

Question 35

in both proto & deuterostomes, the blastopore forms

Answer 35

during gastrulation and connects archenteron to the exterior of the gastrula

Question 36

in protosomes, the blastopore becomes the

Answer 36

mouth

Question 37

in deuterosomes, the blastopore becomes the

Answer 37

anus

Question 38

which groups have radial symmetry

Answer 38

ctenophora, cnidaria