Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO5B > Lecture 10: Digestion and Nutrition (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Digestion and Nutrition (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

animal nutrition is defined as

A

how and when food is ingested, taken apart, and assimilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 categories of animals

A

carnivores, herbivores, omnivores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

animals need which organic sources to construct organic molecules?

A

organic carbon and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 classes of essential nutrients and how they are obtained

A
  1. essential amino acids
  2. essential fatty acids
  3. vitamins
  4. minerals

obtained from dietary sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  • animals require 20, synthesize half
  • remaining must be obtained from food
  • diet insufficient in essential amino acids is protein defiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
  • made up of long C-H chains
  • essential fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Vitamins

A
  • organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
  • 13 essential human vitamins
  • grouped into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble (water-soluble vitamins need a transporter)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Undernourishment vs Malnourishment

A

undernourishment: diet consistently supplies less chemical energy than body requires
malnourishment: long-term absence from diet of one more essential nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 steps of food processing

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ingestion (4 types)

A
  1. suspension feeders
  2. substrate feeders
  3. fluid feeders
  4. bulk feeders
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

digestion

A
  • breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which process aids digestion by splitting bonds within molecules

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients by body cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

elimination

A

passage of undigested material out of digestive compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

suspension feeders (ingestion)

A

sift small food particles from the water
(ex: humpback whales, ectoproct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

substrate feeders (ingestion)

A

live in or on their food source (ex: leaf miner caterpillar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

fluid feeders (ingestion)

A

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host; like mosquitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

bulk feeders (ingestion)

A

eat relatively large pieces of food; rock python

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

two types of digestion

A

intracellular and extracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

intracellular digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food particles outside of cells; occurs in compartments continuous with the outside of the animals body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

animals with simple body plans have a

A

gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

more complex animals have a digestive tube that has

A

two openings: mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the digestive tube is also called

A

a complete digestive tract/alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the mammalian digestive system consists of

A

an alimentary canal, accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mammalian accessory glands (digestive system) :

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. pancreas
  3. liver
  4. gallbladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how is food pushed along in the mammalian digestive system

A

peristalsis: rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments

A

sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

the first stage of digestion is ____ and takes place in the

A

ingestion; oral cavity

31
Q

what delivers saliva to lubricate food

A

salivary glands

32
Q

what initiates breakdown of glucose polymers

A

amylase

33
Q

what shape does the tongue form to help with swallowing

A

bolus

34
Q

what is a junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea (windpipe)

A

pharynx

35
Q

esophagus

A

conducts food from the pharynx (throat) down to stomach by peristalsis

36
Q

what does swallowing do to the respiratory tract?

A

it causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea

37
Q

coughing occurs when

A

swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe

38
Q

the stomach serves what function?

A

it stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme

39
Q

what are sphincters used for in the stomach

A

they are important for making sure things aren’t jammed up

40
Q

gastric juice in the stomach is made up of two major components

A
  • hydrochloric acid
  • pepsin
41
Q

two cell types that secrete the components of gastric juice

A
  1. parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately
  2. chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin when mixed with HCl in stomach
42
Q

role of mucus

A

protects stomach lining from gastric juice

43
Q

small intestine

A
  • longest section of the alimentary canal
  • major organ of digestion and absorption
44
Q

how many sections of the small intestine and what are the names

A

3 sections
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

45
Q

most absorption of nutrients occurs in the

A

small intestine

46
Q

what are the 4 proximate nutrients

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acids
47
Q

the hydrolysis of digesta comes from enzymes or other molecues that come from

A

the gall bladder, pancreas, lining of the small intestine

48
Q

first portion of the small intestine is the ______ and what is its function

A

duodenum; acid chyme from the stomach mixed w/ digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine

49
Q

the secretions from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine are controlled by

A

hormones

50
Q

the digestive functions of the Pancreas are called the

A

exocrine function

51
Q

what does the pancreas do

A

produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum

52
Q

what is the function of the liver?

A

it produces bile and that bile is stored in the gall bladder; bile aids in digestion & absorption of fats

53
Q

the epithelial lining of the duodenum, called _____, serves what function?

A

the brush border, produces several digestive enzymes for breaking food down

54
Q

most digestion occurs in which part of the small intestine

A

duodenum

55
Q

what do the jejunum and ileum function in

A

absorption of nutrients and water

56
Q

true or false: the small intestine has a large surface area

A

true

57
Q

why does the small intestine have a large surface area?

A

villi and microvilli that are exposed to the intestinal lumen, which provide ample chances for nutrients to be transported out of the digestive lumen and into the blood

58
Q

the ____ of the large intestine is connected to the small intestine

A

colon

59
Q

the ____ aids in fermentation of plant material and connects where the

A

cecum; small and large intestines meet

60
Q

the cecum has an extension called the

A

appendix; has minor role in immunity

61
Q

major function of the colon

A

recover water that has entered the alimentary canal

62
Q

wastes of the digestive tract, ___ become more solid as they ___

A

feces; move through the colon

63
Q

excretion happens when

A

feces pass through the rectum and exit via anus

64
Q

in the digestive tract, the only acidic compartment is

A

the stomach, with a pH of 2

65
Q

3 adaptations of the digestive tract

A
  1. teeth
  2. differences in length of parts in GI tract
  3. mutualistic associations w/ symbiotic microorganisms
66
Q

mammals dentition is related to

A

their diet

67
Q

how do size and length of the digestive tract vary in vertebrates?

A
  • herbivores have longer guts than carnivores, since vegetation takes longer to digest
  • components of digestive tract that change in size the most are the small intestine and cecum
  • cecum houses bacteria that break down plant cell walls to increase efficiency of plant digestion
68
Q

bacterial fermentation

A
  1. hard to digest food and bacteria are in gut
  2. bacteria digest cellulose
  3. bacteria give off fatty acids and carbohydrates
  4. indigestible parts leave herbivores body
69
Q

coprophagy

A

eating your own feces from the cecum (shit)

70
Q

Ruminants are

A

herbivores with a specialized foregut called a rumen

71
Q

the rumen serves what function

A
  • houses symbiotic gut bacteria to break down plant material before it enters the gastric part of the digestive tract
  • these bacteria are called foregut fermenters
72
Q

process of rumination

A
  1. regurgitate material in their rumen
  2. chew it to reduce size of plant particles further
  3. then swallow again
73
Q

hindgut fermenter

A

if symbiotic breakdown of bacteria happens in a cecum after the gastric compartment

74
Q

energy is secondarily stored as

A

adipose, or fat cells

BIO5B (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions