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BIO5B > Lecture 10: Digestion and Nutrition (Midterm II) > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Digestion and Nutrition (Midterm II) Flashcards

1
Q

animal nutrition is defined as

A

how and when food is ingested, taken apart, and assimilated

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2
Q

3 categories of animals

A

carnivores, herbivores, omnivores

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3
Q

animals need which organic sources to construct organic molecules?

A

organic carbon and nitrogen

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4
Q

4 classes of essential nutrients and how they are obtained

A
  1. essential amino acids
  2. essential fatty acids
  3. vitamins
  4. minerals

obtained from dietary sources

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5
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  • animals require 20, synthesize half
  • remaining must be obtained from food
  • diet insufficient in essential amino acids is protein defiency
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6
Q

Essential Fatty Acids

A
  • made up of long C-H chains
  • essential fatty acids are unsaturated fatty acids that must be obtained from the diet
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7
Q

Vitamins

A
  • organic molecules required in the diet in small amounts
  • 13 essential human vitamins
  • grouped into two categories: fat-soluble and water-soluble (water-soluble vitamins need a transporter)
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8
Q

Minerals

A

simple inorganic nutrients, usually required in small amounts

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9
Q

Undernourishment vs Malnourishment

A

undernourishment: diet consistently supplies less chemical energy than body requires
malnourishment: long-term absence from diet of one more essential nutrients

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10
Q

4 steps of food processing

A
  1. ingestion
  2. digestion
  3. absorption
  4. elimination
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11
Q

ingestion (4 types)

A
  1. suspension feeders
  2. substrate feeders
  3. fluid feeders
  4. bulk feeders
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12
Q

digestion

A
  • breaking down food into molecules small enough to absorb
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13
Q

which process aids digestion by splitting bonds within molecules

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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14
Q

absorption

A

uptake of nutrients by body cells

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15
Q

elimination

A

passage of undigested material out of digestive compartment

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16
Q

suspension feeders (ingestion)

A

sift small food particles from the water
(ex: humpback whales, ectoproct)

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17
Q

substrate feeders (ingestion)

A

live in or on their food source (ex: leaf miner caterpillar)

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18
Q

fluid feeders (ingestion)

A

suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host; like mosquitos

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19
Q

bulk feeders (ingestion)

A

eat relatively large pieces of food; rock python

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20
Q

two types of digestion

A

intracellular and extracellular

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21
Q

intracellular digestion

A

food particles are engulfed by endocytosis and digested within food vacuoles

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22
Q

extracellular digestion

A

breakdown of food particles outside of cells; occurs in compartments continuous with the outside of the animals body

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23
Q

animals with simple body plans have a

A

gastrovascular cavity that functions in digestion and distribution of nutrients

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24
Q

more complex animals have a digestive tube that has

A

two openings: mouth and anus

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25
the digestive tube is also called
a complete digestive tract/alimentary canal
26
the mammalian digestive system consists of
an alimentary canal, accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts
27
Mammalian accessory glands (digestive system) :
1. salivary glands 2. pancreas 3. liver 4. gallbladder
28
how is food pushed along in the mammalian digestive system
peristalsis: rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal
29
what are the valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments
sphincters
30
the first stage of digestion is ____ and takes place in the
ingestion; oral cavity
31
what delivers saliva to lubricate food
salivary glands
32
what initiates breakdown of glucose polymers
amylase
33
what shape does the tongue form to help with swallowing
bolus
34
what is a junction that opens to both the esophagus and trachea (windpipe)
pharynx
35
esophagus
conducts food from the pharynx (throat) down to stomach by peristalsis
36
what does swallowing do to the respiratory tract?
it causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea
37
coughing occurs when
swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe
38
the stomach serves what function?
it stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme
39
what are sphincters used for in the stomach
they are important for making sure things aren't jammed up
40
gastric juice in the stomach is made up of two major components
- hydrochloric acid - pepsin
41
two cell types that secrete the components of gastric juice
1. parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately 2. chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin when mixed with HCl in stomach
42
role of mucus
protects stomach lining from gastric juice
43
small intestine
- longest section of the alimentary canal - major organ of digestion and absorption
44
how many sections of the small intestine and what are the names
3 sections 1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. ileum
45
most absorption of nutrients occurs in the
small intestine
46
what are the 4 proximate nutrients
1. carbohydrates 2. proteins 3. lipids 4. nucleic acids
47
the hydrolysis of digesta comes from enzymes or other molecues that come from
the gall bladder, pancreas, lining of the small intestine
48
first portion of the small intestine is the ______ and what is its function
duodenum; acid chyme from the stomach mixed w/ digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine
49
the secretions from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine are controlled by
hormones
50
the digestive functions of the Pancreas are called the
exocrine function
51
what does the pancreas do
produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are protein-digesting enzymes that are activated after entering the duodenum
52
what is the function of the liver?
it produces bile and that bile is stored in the gall bladder; bile aids in digestion & absorption of fats
53
the epithelial lining of the duodenum, called _____, serves what function?
the brush border, produces several digestive enzymes for breaking food down
54
most digestion occurs in which part of the small intestine
duodenum
55
what do the jejunum and ileum function in
absorption of nutrients and water
56
true or false: the small intestine has a large surface area
true
57
why does the small intestine have a large surface area?
villi and microvilli that are exposed to the intestinal lumen, which provide ample chances for nutrients to be transported out of the digestive lumen and into the blood
58
the ____ of the large intestine is connected to the small intestine
colon
59
the ____ aids in fermentation of plant material and connects where the
cecum; small and large intestines meet
60
the cecum has an extension called the
appendix; has minor role in immunity
61
major function of the colon
recover water that has entered the alimentary canal
62
wastes of the digestive tract, ___ become more solid as they ___
feces; move through the colon
63
excretion happens when
feces pass through the rectum and exit via anus
64
in the digestive tract, the only acidic compartment is
the stomach, with a pH of 2
65
3 adaptations of the digestive tract
1. teeth 2. differences in length of parts in GI tract 3. mutualistic associations w/ symbiotic microorganisms
66
mammals dentition is related to
their diet
67
how do size and length of the digestive tract vary in vertebrates?
- herbivores have longer guts than carnivores, since vegetation takes longer to digest - components of digestive tract that change in size the most are the small intestine and cecum - cecum houses bacteria that break down plant cell walls to increase efficiency of plant digestion
68
bacterial fermentation
1. hard to digest food and bacteria are in gut 2. bacteria digest cellulose 3. bacteria give off fatty acids and carbohydrates 4. indigestible parts leave herbivores body
69
coprophagy
eating your own feces from the cecum (shit)
70
Ruminants are
herbivores with a specialized foregut called a rumen
71
the rumen serves what function
- houses symbiotic gut bacteria to break down plant material before it enters the gastric part of the digestive tract - these bacteria are called foregut fermenters
72
process of rumination
1. regurgitate material in their rumen 2. chew it to reduce size of plant particles further 3. then swallow again
73
hindgut fermenter
if symbiotic breakdown of bacteria happens in a cecum after the gastric compartment
74
energy is secondarily stored as
adipose, or fat cells

BIO5B (23 decks)

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