Lecture 9

Question 1

What are the two types of respiration?

Answer 1

Internal and external

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

Within the cell: CO2 produced (glycolysis) - Krebs cycle - O2 consumed (oxidative phosphorylation)

Question 3

What is external respiration?

Answer 3

Ventilation: Exchange and transport of gases around the body

Question 4

What does respiration rely on?

Answer 4

diffusion

Question 5

Which systems act together for respiration?

Answer 5

Cardiovascular system (blood), Respiratory system ( lungs), the nervous system (breathing control)

Question 6

What is the conducting zone comprised of?

Answer 6

Nose (nasopharynx), mouth (oropharynx), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, anatomical dead space (does not cover respiration)

Question 7

How many generations of branches are there in the conducting zone?

Answer 7

16

Question 8

What does the conducting zone do?

Answer 8

Provide pathways to get air to and from respiratory system

Question 9

What is the respiratory zone comprised of?

Answer 9

Alveolar air spaces

Question 10

What does the respiratory zone do?

Answer 10

Gas exchange

Question 11

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

Answer 11

Conditions the incoming air; Filter e.g. hair in nose, mucus, Traps bacteria and particles
Warm: implication on solubility of gases, prevent problems
Humidify: prevent airways from drying out

Question 12

What is the bronchial wall reinforced with and why?

Answer 12

Cartilage; prevents airway from collapsing

Question 13

What is the bronchial wall comprised of besides cartilage?

Answer 13

Layer of smooth muscle:
Controls airway diameter
Big impact on resistance of airflow
Mucous glands:
On epithelial layer
Produces secretions that trap particles
Elastic tissue

Question 14

What comprises the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 14

Ciliated epithelia (cilia maintains fluid beating), goblet cells (release mucins, helps develop mucous layer), sensory nerve endings (may be reacting to noxious chemicals)

Question 15

How small are the diameters of the bronchioles?

Answer 15

Less than 1mm

Question 16

Do the bronchioles have cartilage?

Answer 16

no

Question 17

What are the bronchioles lined by?

Answer 17

respiratory epithelium

Question 18

What is the diameter controlled most by?

Answer 18

smooth muscle

Question 19

What is the Air Blood Barrier?

Answer 19

A “sandwich” created by flattened cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte and the capillary wall

Question 20

What needs to happen for gaseous exchange?

Answer 20

Multiple barriers have to be crossed

Question 21

What factors ensure gas exchange?

Answer 21

Large surface area 
Close contact with capillary walls
Production of surfactant
Gas has to pass several different barriers
Bind to hemoglobin
Maintaining small distances

Question 22

What are the two processes of ventilation?

Answer 22

inspiration and expiration

Question 23

What kind of muscles does quiet inspiration involve?

Answer 23

Primary muscles of inspiration: diaphram and external intercostals

Question 24

What effect do the primary muscles of inspiration have?

Answer 24

Increases lung and thoracic volume

Question 25

What law does air movement follow

Answer 25

Boyle's law

Question 26

What is Boyle's law?

Answer 26

The increase in volume leads to a reduction in pressure. Air moves into the lungs down the pressure gradient. Volume increases and pressure decreases in a closed circuit, so air moves down pressure gradient

Question 27

What muscles does forced inspiration involve?

Answer 27

Primary muscles, accessory (or secondary) muscles of inspiration

Question 28

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

Answer 28

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, neck and back muscles, upper respiratory tract muscles (muscles contract to help pull the ribcage up)

Question 29

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

Answer 29

There are none; quiet expiration is a passive process involving elastic recoil)

Question 30

What muscles does forced expiration use?

Answer 30

Accessory muscles, internal intercostals (pulls ribcage back together), abdominal muscles, neck and back muscles

Question 31

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

Answer 31

secretions

Question 32

What are the functions of the pleura?

Answer 32

Prevents lungs from sticking to the chest wall | Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs (movements coordinated, subatmospheric pressure in pleural space)

Question 33

What does the elastic nature of lungs tend them to do?

Answer 33

Collapse inwards

Question 34

What does the elastic nature of lungs tend the chest wall to do?

Answer 34

Expand

Question 35

What is a result of the elastic forces at rest?

Answer 35

The pressure in the intrapleural space is smaller than atmospheric pressure

Question 36

What are the steps that occur in a pneumothorax?

Answer 36

1. Puncture of pleural membrane of chest wall 2. Atmospheric air in pleural space 3. Ptp = Pa - Pip (Ptp: transpulmonary pressure, Pa = alveolar pressure, Pip = Intrapleural pressure) 4. Lungs collapse down 5. Have to seal lung 6. Gradually reinstates negative pressure