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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of respiration?

A

Internal and external

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2
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Within the cell: CO2 produced (glycolysis) - Krebs cycle - O2 consumed (oxidative phosphorylation)

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Ventilation: Exchange and transport of gases around the body

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4
Q

What does respiration rely on?

A

diffusion

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5
Q

Which systems act together for respiration?

A

Cardiovascular system (blood), Respiratory system ( lungs), the nervous system (breathing control)

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6
Q

What is the conducting zone comprised of?

A

Nose (nasopharynx), mouth (oropharynx), pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, anatomical dead space (does not cover respiration)

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7
Q

How many generations of branches are there in the conducting zone?

A

16

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8
Q

What does the conducting zone do?

A

Provide pathways to get air to and from respiratory system

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9
Q

What is the respiratory zone comprised of?

A

Alveolar air spaces

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10
Q

What does the respiratory zone do?

A

Gas exchange

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11
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

Conditions the incoming air; Filter e.g. hair in nose, mucus, Traps bacteria and particles
Warm: implication on solubility of gases, prevent problems
Humidify: prevent airways from drying out

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12
Q

What is the bronchial wall reinforced with and why?

A

Cartilage; prevents airway from collapsing

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13
Q

What is the bronchial wall comprised of besides cartilage?

A 
Layer of smooth muscle:
Controls airway diameter
Big impact on resistance of airflow
Mucous glands:
On epithelial layer
Produces secretions that trap particles
Elastic tissue
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14
Q

What comprises the respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated epithelia (cilia maintains fluid beating), goblet cells (release mucins, helps develop mucous layer), sensory nerve endings (may be reacting to noxious chemicals)

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15
Q

How small are the diameters of the bronchioles?

A

Less than 1mm

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16
Q

Do the bronchioles have cartilage?

A

no

17
Q

What are the bronchioles lined by?

A

respiratory epithelium

18
Q

What is the diameter controlled most by?

A

smooth muscle

19
Q

What is the Air Blood Barrier?

A

A “sandwich” created by flattened cytoplasm of type 1 pneumocyte and the capillary wall

20
Q

What needs to happen for gaseous exchange?

A

Multiple barriers have to be crossed

21
Q

What factors ensure gas exchange?

A 
Large surface area 
Close contact with capillary walls
Production of surfactant
Gas has to pass several different barriers
Bind to hemoglobin
Maintaining small distances
22
Q

What are the two processes of ventilation?

A

inspiration and expiration

23
Q

What kind of muscles does quiet inspiration involve?

A

Primary muscles of inspiration: diaphram and external intercostals

24
Q

What effect do the primary muscles of inspiration have?

A

Increases lung and thoracic volume

25
Q

What law does air movement follow

A

Boyle’s law

26
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The increase in volume leads to a reduction in pressure. Air moves into the lungs down the pressure gradient. Volume increases and pressure decreases in a closed circuit, so air moves down pressure gradient

27
Q

What muscles does forced inspiration involve?

A

Primary muscles, accessory (or secondary) muscles of inspiration

28
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoids, neck and back muscles, upper respiratory tract muscles (muscles contract to help pull the ribcage up)

29
Q

What are the primary muscles of expiration?

A

There are none; quiet expiration is a passive process involving elastic recoil)

30
Q

What muscles does forced expiration use?

A

Accessory muscles, internal intercostals (pulls ribcage back together), abdominal muscles, neck and back muscles

31
Q

What is the pleural cavity filled with?

A

secretions

32
Q

What are the functions of the pleura?

A

Prevents lungs from sticking to the chest wall

Enables free expansion and collapse of lungs (movements coordinated, subatmospheric pressure in pleural space)

33
Q

What does the elastic nature of lungs tend them to do?

A

Collapse inwards

34
Q

What does the elastic nature of lungs tend the chest wall to do?

A

Expand

35
Q

What is a result of the elastic forces at rest?

A

The pressure in the intrapleural space is smaller than atmospheric pressure

36
Q

What are the steps that occur in a pneumothorax?

A
  1. Puncture of pleural membrane of chest wall
  2. Atmospheric air in pleural space
  3. Ptp = Pa - Pip
    (Ptp: transpulmonary pressure, Pa = alveolar pressure, Pip = Intrapleural pressure)
  4. Lungs collapse down
  5. Have to seal lung
  6. Gradually reinstates negative pressure

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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