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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do females have a lower percentage of body water?

A

Have a higher percentage of body fat

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2
Q

What are the three types of extracellular fluid? How much of the extracellular fluid do they make up?

A

Transcellular (3% - 1.5 - 2L) in CSF
Plasma (7% - 3-4L)
Interstitial (28% - 11-12L)

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3
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Outside of cells but nor part of the cardiovascular system

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4
Q

What is transcellular fluid?

A

Urine stored in bladder; unusual fluid that doesn’t conform to other types of fluids

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5
Q

What are exceptions to typical intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations?

A

Cells whose job is to secrete Cl has higher concs. of Cl

Colon, upper respiratory tract counts amount of Na and not concentration

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6
Q

How do the kidneys impact blood pressure?

A

Total Na content of plasma is regulated in kidneys

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7
Q

Where does most excretion of Na occur?

A

Through urine

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8
Q

Why is cholera fatal in third-world countries?

A

Amount of water loss from acute diarrhea can cause dehydration of the brain

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9
Q

Name examples of congenital abnormalities of the kidney?

A

Renal agenesis
- don’t develop kidneys
- fetuses instantaneously abort in first trimester
- 1/2500 fetuses affected
Ectopic kidney
- One or more kidneys are in the wrong place
- 1/800
- increased risk of damage but not fatal
- kidney stones
Horseshoe kidney
- Kidneys fused across midline
- Increased risk of renal stone formation and damage
- 1/1000

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10
Q

What part of the kidney has a darker color and why?

A

Medulla, rich blood supply

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11
Q

What is the capsule of the kidney?

A

Fibrous layer that protects and holds kidney in place

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12
Q

What are the papilla?

A

End of medullary rays

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13
Q

What are the calynx?

A

Drainage channels

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14
Q

What are they hillus?

A

Where drainage region comes out of kidney

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15
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

nephron

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16
Q

How many nephrons are there in each kidney?

A

1-1.5 million

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17
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

Produce urine

Body fluid composition and fluid regulator

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18
Q

Where does modification of fluid occur?

A

Loop of Henle

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19
Q

Where does fully formed urine collect at?

A

Collecting duct

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20
Q

How many distal tubules from different nephrons does each collecting duct drain?

A

6

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21
Q

What is the diameter of the glomerulus?

A

200 micro-meters

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22
Q

Where does the afferent arteriole receive blood?

A

renal artery

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23
Q

How much of plasma goes into Bowman’s capsule?

A

20%

24
Q

How much of plasma goes through efferent arterole?

A

80%

25
Q

What is the normal Glomerular filtration rate?

A

125 ml/min

26
Q

What are the two types of nephron?

A

Superficial nephron

Juxtamedullary nephron

27
Q

How much of the nephrons are superficial nephrons?

A

85%

28
Q

Where are superficial nephrons located?

A

Cortex then loop goes into outer medulla

29
Q

What is the function of the Juxtamedullary nephron?

A

Concentrate urine

30
Q

Where is the Bowman’s capsule located for Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Really close to border between cortex and outer medulla

31
Q

Where is the loop of Henle located for Juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

Deep into inner medulla

32
Q

How is renal failure recognized as?

A

Fall in GFR

Leads to an increase in serum urea and creatinine

33
Q

What are the two types of renal failure?

A

acute and chronic

34
Q

What is the difference between acute and chronic renal failure?

A

Acute is reversible

Chronic is irreversible (dialysis or transplant needed)

35
Q

What is peripheral neuropathy?

A

Peripheral nerve damage leading to problems with sensation and movement

36
Q

What causes interstitial inflammation?

A

Hydrostatic pressure on nephron and damage them

37
Q

How can normal nephrons be replaced?

A

Replaced by collagen and lead to reduction in renal size

38
Q

What does hyperkalaemia increase the risk of?

A

Heart failure

39
Q

What does mild acidosis lead to?

A

Negative effects in CNS

40
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

Inflammation of pericardium
Inflammation of area that surrounds the heart
Leak of protein into urine (tubules are degenerating)

41
Q

What does erythropoetin do?

A

Stimulates production of RBC

42
Q

Where is erythropoetin produced?

A

Kidneys

43
Q

What happens after erythropoetin production?

A

Hemoglobin drops

44
Q

What symptom can calcium phosphate deposits in the skin lead to?

A

Itching

45
Q

What is the difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis?

A

Osteomalacia: Soft bones
Osteoporosis: Brittle bones

46
Q

What are the four stages of renal failure?

A

early stages
moderate
severe
end-stage

47
Q

What are the symptoms of early stages of renal failure?

A

Decrease in urine flow but no major symptoms

Can be dangerous if not presented to GP but is reversible

48
Q

How is moderate renal failure characterized as?

A

A lot of patients start seeing GP

Too late as irreversible

49
Q

When do problems in blood pressure occur?

A

When it reaches severe stage

50
Q

What are the causes of renal failure?

A

Glomerulonephritis (30%)
Diabetes Mellitus (25%)
Hypertension (10%)
Polycystic kidney disease (5%)

51
Q

What is glomerulonephritis a consequence of?

A

autoimmune disease

52
Q

How can diabetes lead to renal failure?

A

Increases level of fibrotic depositions in kidneys

53
Q

What happens in polycystic kidney disease?

A

Kidney tissue is replaced with fluid-filled cysts

End up with end-stage

54
Q

What kind of diet restrictions could be seen in renal failure patients?

A

Restrict protein, salt and water

55
Q

What are phosphate binders?

A

For people with high plasma phosphate

Reduced ectopic calcification

56
Q

How can diuretics help treat renal failure?

A

Helps patients excrete Na using parts of kidney that is still working (not ideal for end-stage patients)

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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