Lecture 12 Flashcards
Why do females have a lower percentage of body water?
Have a higher percentage of body fat
What are the three types of extracellular fluid? How much of the extracellular fluid do they make up?
Transcellular (3% - 1.5 - 2L) in CSF
Plasma (7% - 3-4L)
Interstitial (28% - 11-12L)
What is interstitial fluid?
Outside of cells but nor part of the cardiovascular system
What is transcellular fluid?
Urine stored in bladder; unusual fluid that doesn’t conform to other types of fluids
What are exceptions to typical intracellular and extracellular ion concentrations?
Cells whose job is to secrete Cl has higher concs. of Cl
Colon, upper respiratory tract counts amount of Na and not concentration
How do the kidneys impact blood pressure?
Total Na content of plasma is regulated in kidneys
Where does most excretion of Na occur?
Through urine
Why is cholera fatal in third-world countries?
Amount of water loss from acute diarrhea can cause dehydration of the brain
Name examples of congenital abnormalities of the kidney?
Renal agenesis
- don’t develop kidneys
- fetuses instantaneously abort in first trimester
- 1/2500 fetuses affected
Ectopic kidney
- One or more kidneys are in the wrong place
- 1/800
- increased risk of damage but not fatal
- kidney stones
Horseshoe kidney
- Kidneys fused across midline
- Increased risk of renal stone formation and damage
- 1/1000
What part of the kidney has a darker color and why?
Medulla, rich blood supply
What is the capsule of the kidney?
Fibrous layer that protects and holds kidney in place
What are the papilla?
End of medullary rays
What are the calynx?
Drainage channels
What are they hillus?
Where drainage region comes out of kidney
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
How many nephrons are there in each kidney?
1-1.5 million
What is the function of the nephron?
Produce urine
Body fluid composition and fluid regulator
Where does modification of fluid occur?
Loop of Henle
Where does fully formed urine collect at?
Collecting duct
How many distal tubules from different nephrons does each collecting duct drain?
6
What is the diameter of the glomerulus?
200 micro-meters
Where does the afferent arteriole receive blood?
renal artery
How much of plasma goes into Bowman’s capsule?
20%
How much of plasma goes through efferent arterole?
80%
What is the normal Glomerular filtration rate?
125 ml/min
What are the two types of nephron?
Superficial nephron
Juxtamedullary nephron
How much of the nephrons are superficial nephrons?
85%
Where are superficial nephrons located?
Cortex then loop goes into outer medulla
What is the function of the Juxtamedullary nephron?
Concentrate urine
Where is the Bowman’s capsule located for Juxtamedullary nephrons?
Really close to border between cortex and outer medulla
Where is the loop of Henle located for Juxtamedullary nephrons?
Deep into inner medulla
How is renal failure recognized as?
Fall in GFR
Leads to an increase in serum urea and creatinine
What are the two types of renal failure?
acute and chronic
What is the difference between acute and chronic renal failure?
Acute is reversible
Chronic is irreversible (dialysis or transplant needed)
What is peripheral neuropathy?
Peripheral nerve damage leading to problems with sensation and movement
What causes interstitial inflammation?
Hydrostatic pressure on nephron and damage them
How can normal nephrons be replaced?
Replaced by collagen and lead to reduction in renal size
What does hyperkalaemia increase the risk of?
Heart failure
What does mild acidosis lead to?
Negative effects in CNS
What is pericarditis?
Inflammation of pericardium
Inflammation of area that surrounds the heart
Leak of protein into urine (tubules are degenerating)
What does erythropoetin do?
Stimulates production of RBC
Where is erythropoetin produced?
Kidneys
What happens after erythropoetin production?
Hemoglobin drops
What symptom can calcium phosphate deposits in the skin lead to?
Itching
What is the difference between osteomalacia and osteoporosis?
Osteomalacia: Soft bones
Osteoporosis: Brittle bones
What are the four stages of renal failure?
early stages
moderate
severe
end-stage
What are the symptoms of early stages of renal failure?
Decrease in urine flow but no major symptoms
Can be dangerous if not presented to GP but is reversible
How is moderate renal failure characterized as?
A lot of patients start seeing GP
Too late as irreversible
When do problems in blood pressure occur?
When it reaches severe stage
What are the causes of renal failure?
Glomerulonephritis (30%)
Diabetes Mellitus (25%)
Hypertension (10%)
Polycystic kidney disease (5%)
What is glomerulonephritis a consequence of?
autoimmune disease
How can diabetes lead to renal failure?
Increases level of fibrotic depositions in kidneys
What happens in polycystic kidney disease?
Kidney tissue is replaced with fluid-filled cysts
End up with end-stage
What kind of diet restrictions could be seen in renal failure patients?
Restrict protein, salt and water
What are phosphate binders?
For people with high plasma phosphate
Reduced ectopic calcification
How can diuretics help treat renal failure?
Helps patients excrete Na using parts of kidney that is still working (not ideal for end-stage patients)
