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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the component parts of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovary
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Cervix and vagina

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2
Q

What is the function of the ovary?

A 
Center of cyclicity
 - ovary manages menstrual cycle
 - driven by pituitary gland
 - controlled by nuclei in hypothalamus
Oocytes
Sex steroids (estrogen, progesterone)
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3
Q

What is the function of the uterine tubes?

A

Tube that comes off of uterus
Site of fertilization (ampulla)
Gamete transport
- egg and sperm move in opposite directions

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4
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Embryo and fetal growth

Placentation

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5
Q

What is the function of the cervix and vagina?

A

Expulsion of infant
Capacitation of sperm
Mucus in cervix

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6
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

On either side of midline

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7
Q

How does the uterine tube look?

A

Curves around seashape

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8
Q

What are structural features of the ovary?

A

Double layered broad ligament
- Holds uterine tubes in place
Fimbriated bit (funnel shaped) extend over ovary and infendibulum (hollow stalk that connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

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9
Q

What happens to the ovaries during ovulation?

A

Ovary becomes bright red
- egg is trapped by funnel when going down uterine tube
(sometimes egg can go up into abdominal cavity then degenerates)

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10
Q

What is ectopic fertilization?

A 
Egg can go to the wrong place or sperm can go out of uterine tube and implants in the wrong place
Nowhere else can support implantation 
 - begin to grow to get blood supply 
 - tears off
 - fatal
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11
Q

What is placenta previa?

A

When the embryo implants in the bottom part of the uterus and blocks the canal root

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12
Q

How does the endometrium grow?

A

From increase of progesterone then shrinks from decrease (menstruation)

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13
Q

What is the main ligament in the ovary?

A

Round ligaments

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14
Q

What is ovarian asymmetry?

A

When one ovary is active during menstruation

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15
Q

What is Hyperemia?

A 
Good blood supply
Red swells (non-ovulating is pale)
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16
Q

How does estrogen affect the ovary?

A

Rapid mitosis

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17
Q

How does progesterone affect the ovary?

A

Secretory aspects

18
Q

What are two stages of menstruation?

A
  1. Pre-ovulatory (estrogenic phase)
    - more variable
  2. Post-ovulatory (progesteronic phase)
    - more stable
    - when implantation occurs
19
Q

What is the ovarian follicle?

A

Cellular sac in which oocyte matues in response to FSH and LH

20
Q

What do follicles produce?

A

Hormones and egg
(same hormones in males and females but different function)
FSH affects follicles, LH affects follicles to burst open and release egg

21
Q

What can primordial follicles do?

A 
Contain egg with glassy layer 
Start to develop three months layer
 - storage
 - primed for development
 - undergo development[
 - - Under influence of FSH, start to grow
22
Q

What do primordial follicles become next?

A

Primary follicles
- sac of cells surrounding egg become cuboidal from squamous
Egg doesn’t grow much but sac does
- more layers of cells in a secondary follicle

23
Q

What do secondary follicles develop into?

A

Develops cavities

24
Q

What do cavities do?

A 
Coalesce do become one big cavity
Corona radiata (layer of cells) extend around follicle
Gap of fluid (cavity)
25
Q

What is stigma?

A

When the follicle starts to ovulate then bulges out

26
Q

How does LH affect menstruation?

A

Eggs pop out then goes down uterine tube

27
Q

What happens when the shell of follicle collapses on itself?

A

Seals itself
Forms Corpus luteum
Produces progesterone
If no signal of pregnancy, menstruation causes corpus albicans

28
Q

What is corpus albicans?

A

Scar formed from follicles that burst out and ovulated (more scars as menstruation occurs)

29
Q

What happens to progesterone production when pregnancy occurs?

A

continues to be produced

30
Q

FSH initially drops then rises after ovulation. Why?

A

Stimulates ovaries to release estrogen
Estrogen levels rise as follicles become larger
Estrogen feedback to Arcuate nucleus as it starts to rise
- cause burst of activity in LH
- LH reaches peak (18-24 hours before ovulation)
- trigger ovulation
- -can measure LH in urine
- - egg will be ready to be collected when LH reaches peak
- - useful for IVF

31
Q

What happens to the lining of uterus as estrogen levels rise?

A

Becomes thicker

32
Q

Why do breasts enlarge during menstruation?

A

breast duct expands

33
Q

how can estrogen cause breast cancer?

A

Stimulates mitosis (can treat 50% of cancers by blocking estrogen receptor)
- especially in menopausal women
- early menarchy, late menopause and lack of offspring leads to more exposure to estrogen
(higher risk)
Lactating reduces risk of breast cancer as it reduces estrogen level

34
Q

What produces progesterone?

A

Follicle regression

35
Q

If no pregnancy after 10days,…?

A

Progesterone levels drop - triggers loss of lining of uterus, and menses

36
Q

What is atresia?

A

Natural process of cell death that destroys follicles at cell stages of development

37
Q

What is follicle dominance?

A

One follicle becomes dominant at day 9
Dominant follicle can be seen in ultrasound (bigger than the rest)
Suppresses other follicles by inhibin (very rarely can ovulate two but usually just one)

38
Q

What is a sign of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCD)?

A

When many small follicles develop instead of one dominant one

  • surprisingly common
  • can kill itself; can have it all their lives, can be treated (by contraceptive pill)
39
Q

What are symptoms of PCD?

A

Increase in weight

hair (estrogen is converted to testosterone)

40
Q

What molecule is looked for in a pregnancy test?

A

hCG

41
Q

When can a spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) occur?

A

If corpus luteum degenerates too quickly

42
Q

What role does the placenta have?

A

When developed enough, can take over the role of hormonally supporting the placenta. Transition from corpus luteum to placenta support is a critical time…

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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