Lecture 2

Question 1

What happen within our bodies when we are asleep?

Answer 1

1. Airways still allow oxygen into the body
2. Blood still reaches various organs
3. Food and drink is still digested
4. Sweat

Question 2

What comprises the sensory part of the PNS?

Answer 2

somatic nervous system and visceral nerves

Question 3

What comprises the motor part of the PNS?

Answer 3

somatic nervous system (voluntary), ANS (involuntary)

Question 4

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

Answer 4

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 5

What is the sympathetic system involved in?

Answer 5

Fight or flight

Question 6

What are the 4Es?

Answer 6

Excercise, excitement, emergency and embarrassment

Question 7

What part of the body is coordinated by the sympathetic system?

Answer 7

Whole body

Question 8

What is the parasympathetic system involved in?

Answer 8

Rest and relaxation

Question 9

What are the 3Ds?

Answer 9

Digestion, defecation, diuresis

Question 10

Why is there increased heart rate, cardiac contractility and blood pressure in sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 10

The cardiac output increases to pump more oxygen out (especially to the skeletal muscles)

Question 11

What must occur to redirect blood to the skeletal and cardiac muscles?

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction in viscera, vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Question 12

Why is there increased ventilation and bronchodilation in sympathetic stimulation?

Answer 12

More oxygen per breath

Question 13

What does pupillary dilation contribute to?

Answer 13

Increased awareness

Question 14

How does the parasympathetic system facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients?

Answer 14

Promotes secretion (including salivation), increases mobility (including swallowing) or the GI tract

Question 15

Though sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations usually have antagonistic control over an organ, what is an exception to this rule?

Answer 15

Cooperation in male sexual function:
Parasympathetic stimulation is responsible for erection
Sympathetic for ejaculation

Question 16

What are some examples of functions almost only stimulated by the sympathetic system?

Answer 16

Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessel smooth muscle and adrenal medulla

Question 17

What do preganglionic neurons release?

Answer 17

ACh

Question 18

What are structural features of preganglionic neurons?

Answer 18

Myelinated, cholinergic fibers, has ligand gated ion channels

Question 19

What is a receptor subtype of nicotinic ACh receptors on the post synaptic cell?

Answer 19

N2 receptor

Question 20

In general, what neurotransmitter does the postganglionic fiber release in the sympathetic system?

Answer 20

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 21

Preganglionic neurons (sympathetic); long or short?

Answer 21

short

Question 22

Postganglionic neurons (sympathetic); long or short?

Answer 22

long

Question 23

What kind of receptors does the target tissue express?

Answer 23

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (G protein coupled receptors)

Question 24

Where do the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system originate?

Answer 24

T1-L3

Question 25

How do the preganglionic neurons in the synapse with postganglionic neurons?

Answer 25

1. prevertebral ganglia (in sympathetic chain) | 2. postvertebral ganglia

Question 26

What are the arteries that prevertebral ganglia are associated with?

Answer 26

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, right aorticorenal ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 27

What structure is an exception in the sympathetic system?

Answer 27

Adrenal medulla

Question 28

What neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla release?

Answer 28

80% adrenaline, 20% noradrenaline

Question 29

How is the adrenal medulla an exception in the sympathetic system?

Answer 29

Chromaffin cells function similar to postganglionic neurons but release mainly adrenaline, adrenaline travels to multiple tissues

Question 30

What is an exception to the neurotransmitter rule?

Answer 30

Sweat glands

Question 31

Why are sweat glands an exception to the neutransmitter rule?

Answer 31

Postganglionic neurons release ACh

Question 32

Any structural differences between sweat glands and other sympathetic system neurons?

Answer 32

The target tissue expresses muscarinic ACh receptors

Question 33

What does the postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic) release?

Answer 33

ACh

Question 34

What receptor is expressed in the target tissue for the parasympathetic system?

Answer 34

Muscarinic ACh receptor

Question 35

Preganglionic neuron (parasympathetic); long or short?

Answer 35

Long

Question 36

Postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic); long or short?

Answer 36

Short

Question 37

Where do preganglionic neurons (para) originate?

Answer 37

Brainstem, S2-S4

Question 38

The Vagus nerve carries how much of parasympathetic outflow?

Answer 38

80%

Question 39

Other than ACh and adrenaline, what is another example? of neurotransmitters

Answer 39

Non-adrenergic Non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters

Question 40

What are examples of NANC transmitters?

Answer 40

Substance P, nitric oxide, ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

Question 41

What do NANC transmitters participate in?

Answer 41

Cotransmission and modulates the synaptic response

Question 42

What area of the brain controls emotional inputs in the ANS?

Answer 42

limbic lobe

Question 43

What part of the brain integrates and coordinates ANS function?

Answer 43

hypothalamus

Question 44

What is an example of brainstem nuclei and what does it do?

Answer 44

Nucleus tractus solitarii, mediate autonomic reflexes

Question 45

What does the spinal cord do in the ANS?

Answer 45

Mediates autonomic reflexes

Question 46

What cortical processes regulate autonomic output?

Answer 46

Descending cortical inputs

Question 47

What can emotional stress and painful stimuli lead to?

Answer 47

Vasodilation and hypotension, then fainting

Question 48

What can chronic stress cause?

Answer 48

Increased gastric acid secretion

Question 49

What can nervousness lead to?

Answer 49

diarrhea

Question 50

Which takes priority in regulation of the ANS; sensory input from visceral afferent neurons or cortical functions?

Answer 50

Sensory input - nothing else seems to matter as much!!

Question 51

What are examples of sensory input from visceral afferent neurons?

Answer 51

hunger, nausea, bladder and bowel distension, hypothermia/hyperthermia, visceral pain