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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What happen within our bodies when we are asleep?

A
  1. Airways still allow oxygen into the body
  2. Blood still reaches various organs
  3. Food and drink is still digested
  4. Sweat
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2
Q

What comprises the sensory part of the PNS?

A

somatic nervous system and visceral nerves

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3
Q

What comprises the motor part of the PNS?

A

somatic nervous system (voluntary), ANS (involuntary)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

What is the sympathetic system involved in?

A

Fight or flight

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6
Q

What are the 4Es?

A

Excercise, excitement, emergency and embarrassment

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7
Q

What part of the body is coordinated by the sympathetic system?

A

Whole body

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8
Q

What is the parasympathetic system involved in?

A

Rest and relaxation

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9
Q

What are the 3Ds?

A

Digestion, defecation, diuresis

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10
Q

Why is there increased heart rate, cardiac contractility and blood pressure in sympathetic stimulation?

A

The cardiac output increases to pump more oxygen out (especially to the skeletal muscles)

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11
Q

What must occur to redirect blood to the skeletal and cardiac muscles?

A

Vasoconstriction in viscera, vasodilation in skeletal and cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Why is there increased ventilation and bronchodilation in sympathetic stimulation?

A

More oxygen per breath

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13
Q

What does pupillary dilation contribute to?

A

Increased awareness

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14
Q

How does the parasympathetic system facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients?

A

Promotes secretion (including salivation), increases mobility (including swallowing) or the GI tract

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15
Q

Though sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulations usually have antagonistic control over an organ, what is an exception to this rule?

A

Cooperation in male sexual function:
Parasympathetic stimulation is responsible for erection
Sympathetic for ejaculation

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16
Q

What are some examples of functions almost only stimulated by the sympathetic system?

A

Sweat glands, hair follicles, blood vessel smooth muscle and adrenal medulla

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17
Q

What do preganglionic neurons release?

A

ACh

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18
Q

What are structural features of preganglionic neurons?

A

Myelinated, cholinergic fibers, has ligand gated ion channels

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19
Q

What is a receptor subtype of nicotinic ACh receptors on the post synaptic cell?

A

N2 receptor

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20
Q

In general, what neurotransmitter does the postganglionic fiber release in the sympathetic system?

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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21
Q

Preganglionic neurons (sympathetic); long or short?

A

short

22
Q

Postganglionic neurons (sympathetic); long or short?

A

long

23
Q

What kind of receptors does the target tissue express?

A

alpha and beta adrenergic receptors (G protein coupled receptors)

24
Q

Where do the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic system originate?

A

T1-L3

25
Q

How do the preganglionic neurons in the synapse with postganglionic neurons?

A
  1. prevertebral ganglia (in sympathetic chain)

2. postvertebral ganglia

26
Q

What are the arteries that prevertebral ganglia are associated with?

A

celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, right aorticorenal ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

27
Q

What structure is an exception in the sympathetic system?

A

Adrenal medulla

28
Q

What neurotransmitters does the adrenal medulla release?

A

80% adrenaline, 20% noradrenaline

29
Q

How is the adrenal medulla an exception in the sympathetic system?

A

Chromaffin cells function similar to postganglionic neurons but release mainly adrenaline, adrenaline travels to multiple tissues

30
Q

What is an exception to the neurotransmitter rule?

A

Sweat glands

31
Q

Why are sweat glands an exception to the neutransmitter rule?

A

Postganglionic neurons release ACh

32
Q

Any structural differences between sweat glands and other sympathetic system neurons?

A

The target tissue expresses muscarinic ACh receptors

33
Q

What does the postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic) release?

A

ACh

34
Q

What receptor is expressed in the target tissue for the parasympathetic system?

A

Muscarinic ACh receptor

35
Q

Preganglionic neuron (parasympathetic); long or short?

A

Long

36
Q

Postganglionic neuron (parasympathetic); long or short?

A

Short

37
Q

Where do preganglionic neurons (para) originate?

A

Brainstem, S2-S4

38
Q

The Vagus nerve carries how much of parasympathetic outflow?

A

80%

39
Q

Other than ACh and adrenaline, what is another example? of neurotransmitters

A

Non-adrenergic Non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters

40
Q

What are examples of NANC transmitters?

A

Substance P, nitric oxide, ATP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

41
Q

What do NANC transmitters participate in?

A

Cotransmission and modulates the synaptic response

42
Q

What area of the brain controls emotional inputs in the ANS?

A

limbic lobe

43
Q

What part of the brain integrates and coordinates ANS function?

A

hypothalamus

44
Q

What is an example of brainstem nuclei and what does it do?

A

Nucleus tractus solitarii, mediate autonomic reflexes

45
Q

What does the spinal cord do in the ANS?

A

Mediates autonomic reflexes

46
Q

What cortical processes regulate autonomic output?

A

Descending cortical inputs

47
Q

What can emotional stress and painful stimuli lead to?

A

Vasodilation and hypotension, then fainting

48
Q

What can chronic stress cause?

A

Increased gastric acid secretion

49
Q

What can nervousness lead to?

A

diarrhea

50
Q

Which takes priority in regulation of the ANS; sensory input from visceral afferent neurons or cortical functions?

A

Sensory input - nothing else seems to matter as much!!

51
Q

What are examples of sensory input from visceral afferent neurons?

A

hunger, nausea, bladder and bowel distension, hypothermia/hyperthermia, visceral pain

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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