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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a receptor?

A

Specific binding site in plasma membrane or interior of target cell with a chemical messenger combines to exert its effects

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2
Q

What is a target cell?

A

The cell affected by a particular messenger

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3
Q

What is generally the messenger in the endocrine system?

A

Blood-borne hormones

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4
Q

Where are receptors for peptide hormones or catecholamines located?

A

In plasma membrane

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5
Q

Where are receptors for steroid hormones located?

A

Inside the cell

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6
Q

What is an example of peptide hormones?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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7
Q

What is an example of a catecholamine?

A

adrenaline

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8
Q

What is up-regulation?

A

An increase in receptors (usually following low levels of the hormone)

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9
Q

What is down-regulation?

A

A decrease in receptors (usually following high levels of the hormone)

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10
Q

What are example of hormones influencing receptors for other hormones?

A
  1. Estrogen must be present in the first part of the menstrual cycle in order to “prime” receptors for progesterone (in the second half of the cycle)
  2. Thyroid hormone is needed to up-regulate adrenline receptors and allow it to release fatty acid from adipose tisue (Permissive effect)
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11
Q

Can more than one hormone bind to the same receptor?

A

Yes

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12
Q

Can different agonists have dramatically different potencies on the same receptor?

A

yes

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13
Q

Can antagonists of hormones be used as drugs?

A

yes

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14
Q

What is an example of an antagonist as a drug?

A

Clomiphere citrate is an antagonist against estrogen which is used in treatment for anovulation (IVF)

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15
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

Series of events triggered by a hormone binding to its receptor and by a neurotransmitter and by paracrine agents etc

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16
Q

Activity of membrane receptors result in one or more of:

A
  1. receptor enzyme activity
  2. JAK-kinase activity associated with the receptor
  3. G-proteins coupled to (often) ion channels and enzymes to generate second messengers such as calcium and cAMP
17
Q

Membrane receptor activity can cause _ and _ responses on the same target cell

A

rapid ( e.g. due to phosphorylation)

delayed (e.g. due to gene transcription)

18
Q

What does activity of intracellular receptors cause?

A
  1. Activation (or inhibition) of transcription of particular genes
  2. Change in synthesis of particular proteins coded by those genes
  3. Change in rate of protein synthesis or cellular activity
19
Q

Steroids can act on membrane receptors to produce _ effects

A

non-genomic

20
Q

What are examples of large doses of hormones used as drugs?

A
  1. cortisol to reduce inflammation
  2. progesterone as the “morning after pill”
    - prevents implantation but not conception
    - inhibits gestation
21
Q

Which part of the brain coodinates the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis (hypothalamus and pituitary gland)

22
Q

How is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis linked?

A

Portal: two sets of capillaries
Nerves: Tract binds hypothalamus and pituitary
Hypothalamus secretes factors that pass to the pituitary gland

23
Q

What are the factors released from the hypothalamus?

A
  1. Thyrotrophin Releasing Factor (TRF)
  2. Growth Hormone Releasing Factor (GHRF)
  3. Growth Hormone Inhibiting Factor (GHIF)
  4. Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  5. Gonadotrophin Releasing Factor (GnRH)
  6. Oxytocin
  7. Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
24
Q

What are hormones secreted from the adenohypophyseal?

A
  1. Growth hormone (or somatotrophin or STH-19) amino acids : stimulates chondrocytes in bone growth and uptake of amino acids
  2. Prolactin ( or lactotrophic hormone - 170 amino acids stimulates lactation)
  3. Thyrotrophin (TSH-21/ amino acids stimulates thyroid follicles)
  4. Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH-39 amino acids stimulates cortisol release from the adrenal cortex)
  5. Melanocyte stimulating Hormone (MSH - 22 amino acids stimulates skin darkening)
  6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH - 210 amino acids)
  7. Lutenizing Hormone (LH - 207 amino acids)
25
Q

What are the two groups of factors?

A

1st group:
large molecules
hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

2nd group
small molecules
blood vessels to anterior pituitary

26
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulate follicles to release ovaries

27
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is cell rich?

A

Anterior adenohypophysis (secretes to brain)

28
Q

What part of the pituitary gland is cell poor?

A

Posterior neurohypophysis

29
Q

What are the three types of cells found in adenophils?

A

Acid staining cells, basophils and chromophilic stem cells

30
Q

What is the portal system of the hypothalamus comprised of?

A

Nerve cells in nuclei of hypothalamus

31
Q

What does the portal system do?

A

Secretes signals from axons to posterior pituitary and contains ADH and oxytocin

32
Q

Why is a complicated system needed in the endocrine system?

A

Incredible control

33
Q

What is an example that shows the incredible control in the endocrine system?

A

The ovaries secrete estrogen to both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary which causes a negative loop to halt the secretion of estrogen

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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