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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we have a circulatory system?

A

An evolutionary consequence of an increase in size and complexity of a multicellular organism
Provides a steep concentration gradient from the blood to cells for nutrients, and from cells to blood for waste products

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

Distribution of gases and molecules for nutrition, growth and repair

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3
Q

What are the secondary functions of the circulatory system?

A

Enables hormonal signalling
Dissipates heat
Mediates inflammatory and host defence responses

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4
Q

What are the three basic functional parts?

A

a pump = the heart
a fluid = the blood
a set of containers = the blood vessels (and lymphatic system)

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5
Q

What nervous system mediates the circulatory system?

A

ANS

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6
Q

What can affect the ANS and be affected by the ANS?

A 
Sleep/wake
Body position
Rest/exercise
Digestion
Emotional stress
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7
Q

How is the systemic circuit aligned?

A

Parallel pathways are from left to right
Usually flows through a single capillary bed
Can have two capillary beds in series
Can have capillary beds in parallel and series

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8
Q

What are the two capillary beds in series?

A

kidneys, hepatic systems

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9
Q

What are parallel series of capillary beds?

A

spleen, intestines, and liver

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10
Q

How is the pulmonary circuit aligned?

A

Single pathway from right to left side of heart

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11
Q

What structure does the microcirculation have?

A

Can include capillaries and smaller venules and arterioles

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12
Q

What are the number of vessels in the aorta, capillaries and vena cava?

A

Aorta: 1
Capillaries: 40 billion
Vena cava: 1

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13
Q

What is the cross sectional area in the aorta, capillaries and vena cava?

A

Aorta: 4cm2
Capillaries: 2.8 * 10(-7) cm2
Vena cava: 6cm2

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14
Q

What is the aggregate cross sectional area in the aorta, capillaries and vena cava?

A

Aorta: 4
Capillaries: 2827
Vena cava: 6

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15
Q

What are the velocities in the aorta, capillaries and vena cava?

A

Aorta: 21 cm/s
Capillaries: 0.03 cm/s
Vena cava: 14 cm/s

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16
Q

What are the three layers of the blood vessel?

A 
Tunica intima
Tunica media 
Tunica externa (adventita)
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17
Q

What is the structure of the tunica intima?

A

Endothelial cells resting on a basement membrane
Have junctions of 10-15nm
BM: keeps capillaries more structured
Has valves to prevent backflow of blood (located over heart)

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18
Q

What is the structure of the tunica media?

A

Smooth muscle cells
Elastic fibers: elastin core covered by microfibrils
Varies composition based on vessel
Allow vessels to stretch and recoil (elastin)

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19
Q

What is the structure of the tunica externa?

A

Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Vasa varosum = blood supply for vessels
Nerves = sympathetic nerves

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20
Q

What are elastic fibers useful for in large arteries?

A

High compliance: walls stretch easily without tearing in response to an increase in pressure
Enables vessels: aorta to cope with peak ejection pressures
Recoil of elastic fibers forces blood to keep moving even when the ventricles are relaxed

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21
Q

What are smooth muscle useful for in medium-sized arteries?

A

Smooth muscle cells are arranged circumferentially
Capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation to adjust the rate of blood flow
Vascular tone - state of partial contraction maintains vessel pressure and efficient flow

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22
Q

What are terminal regions of arterioles known as?

A

Metarterioles

23
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A

Monitor blood flow into the capillary

24
Q

How do precapillary sphincters conduct their function?

A

Locals regulations by metabolites; low oxygen, high CO2, low pH=vasodilation

25
Q

What are extrinsic regulations by the ANS?

A

Vasoconstriction: nonadrenaline activates alpha-1 adrenoceptors
Vasodilation: reduced release of noradrenaline, increase of calcium activates smooth muscle

26
Q

What are the capillaries composed of?

A

Endothelial cells and basement membrane

27
Q

Continuous capillaries have interendothelial junctions 10-15nm wide. What are their functions?

A

Keeps many substances in the blood;

Amino acids that act as neurotransmitters from causing adverse neuronal effects

28
Q

Where is fenestra found in?

A

Where extensive molecular exchange occurs

29
Q

What are places where extensive molecular exchange occurs?

A

Small intestine
Kidneys
endocrine glands

30
Q

What is the function of fenestra?

A

Allows larger molecules to pass

31
Q

Where are sinusoidal found in?

A

Liver and bone marrow

32
Q

What is the structure of postcapillary venules?

A

porous

33
Q

What do postcapillary venules do?

A

Participate in exchange sites for nutrients and waste

34
Q

Are muscular venules more muscular than arterioles?

A

no

35
Q

What do the thin walls in venules allow?

A

Expansion ;

excellent reservoirs for blood

36
Q

What do large veins have to prevent back flow?

A

valves

37
Q

What to defective, leaky valves lead to?

A

Varicose veins

38
Q

Where are varicose veins prominent in?

A

Legs

39
Q

What can varicose veins lead to?

A

Big bulges
Can cause pain, especially after standing
Deep vein thrombosis

40
Q

Why do we need a lymphatic system?

A

More filtration than absorption occurs, leaving 3L of fluid and 150g of protein per day in the interstitial fluid

41
Q

What is the amount of flow of fluid in protein in the lymphs?

A

Fluid: 2-4 L/day
Protein: 95-195 g/day

42
Q

What is the amount of fluid and protein that enters the capillary from the lymphs?

A

Fluid: 16-18 L/day
Protein: 5g/day

43
Q

What is the amount of fluid and protein that leaves the capillary into the lymphs?

A

Fluid: 20 L/day
Protein: 100-200 g/day

44
Q

What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drains excess interstitial fluid, maintaining the circulating volume of blood
  2. Transports dietary lipids
  3. Carries out immune responses
45
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

lymphatic valves

46
Q

What are the three basic functional parts of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. lymph
  2. lymphatic vessels
  3. lymphatic tissue containing lymphocytes, found in a number of structures and organs
47
Q

What is the main organ of the lymphatic system?

A

spleen

48
Q

What is the structure of the lymphatic capillaries (initial lymphatics)?

A

More leaky than blood capillaries

Possess interendothelial junctions called Primary Lymph Valves

49
Q

What is the structure of lymphatic vessels (collecting lymphatics)?

A

Endothelium plus sparse smooth muscle
Similar to small veins
Possess secondary lymph valves that restrict backflow
Uses hydrostatic pressure which is lower than interstitial fluid: opened interendothelial junctions
Vessels compressed by muscles for higher pressure and junctions are shut

50
Q

Is there communication between the blood vessels and the lymphatic vessels?

A

yes

51
Q

Where does lymph drain?

A

subclavian

52
Q

What is a disorder in the lymphatic system?

A

Lymphoedema

53
Q

What can lymphoedema lead to?

A

Ineffective drainage and excessive fluid buildup

54
Q

What can ineffective drainage and excessive fluid buildup caused by lymphoedema present as?

A

Balloon like limbs
compression
tissue loses elasticity

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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