Lecture 21

Question 1

How are virtually all monosaccharides absorbed by?

Answer 1

Secondary active transport processes

Question 2

What are the two final monosaccharide products of digestion?

Answer 2

Glucose (80%) and galactose (20%)

Question 3

What are the steps in the sodium co-transport mechanism?

Answer 3

1. Active transport of Na through basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid this depletes Na inside the epithelial cell
2. Na from the intestinal lumen enters the cell by combined with a transport protein. This protein will not move the Na in unless some other substance combines with it. Na and other substances both transported into the cell
3. Once inside the epithelial cell, other transport proteins and enzymes facilitate diffusion of substance through basolateral membrane, into paracellular space and into the blood.

Question 4

How are fats first emulsified by the liver secretion?

Answer 4

Bile into 3-6nm bile micelles

Question 5

Why is bile soluble in chyme?

Answer 5

Highly charged exterior

Question 6

Where does the monoglycerides and free fatty acids diffuse into after leaving the micelle?

Answer 6

Interior of the epithelial cell (cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer)

Question 7

What are triglycerides released to form?

Answer 7

Chylomicrons

Question 8

How do chylomicrons move into the blood?

Answer 8

Through the basolateral membrane, up through the thoracic lymph duct

Question 9

What is the function of the large intestine?

Answer 9

Removes water, salts, sugar and vitamins

- can absorb 5-8L of fluid and electrolyte per day

Question 10

What are the five regions of the large intestine?

Answer 10

1. Caecum (compresses material into fecal matter)
2. Ascending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Descending colon
5. Signoid colon

Question 11

What are areas of lymphoid tissue for local immune protection?

Answer 11

peyers patches

Question 12

What does bacteria serve as in the large intestine?

Answer 12

Immune protection against potentially harmful substances that were ingested

Question 13

What is the Tenia coli?

Answer 13

3 bands longitudinal muscle

Question 14

What is the Haustra?

Answer 14

pockets which give a segmented appearance
slow movement of contents
no villi

Question 15

What do the goblet cells provide?

Answer 15

Mucus secretion

Question 16

How does aldosterone enhance Na absorption?

Answer 16

When dehydrated, large amounts of aldosterone are secreted by the cortices of the adrenal glands. Within 1-3 hours, increased activation of enzyme and transport mechanisms for Na absorption by intestinal epithelium which leads to increased Cl and water absorption

Question 17

What is the function of the proximal colon?

Answer 17

Water reabsorption and fermentation

Question 18

What does fermentation allow?

Answer 18

Allows some of the vitamins to be relieved

Question 19

What does general shunting allow?

Answer 19

Push feces down towards colon

Question 20

What is the acid produced by bacterial fermentation buffered by?

Answer 20

HCO3

Question 21

What is steatorrhea?

Answer 21

More fat in faeces
Gelatinous
Smell is unique
Reddy-black color

Question 22

What are needed to maintain gut health?

Answer 22

fibers

Question 23

What is the normal brown color caused by?

Answer 23

stercobilin and urobilin

• derivatives of bilirubin
• bilins are salts secreted from liver

Question 24

What is the odor of faeces caused by?

Answer 24

Bacterial action and vary from one person to another depending upon colonic flora and types of food eaten

odouriferous compounds
- indole, skatole, mercaptans, and hydrogen sulphide

Question 25

What can be used as a weapon?

Answer 25

skatole

Question 26

What is manual evacuation?

Answer 26

To pull out the faeces manually

Question 27

What does bacteria prevent?

Answer 27

Water from being reabsorbed

Question 28

How can diarrhea become harmful?

Answer 28

Become salt depleted

Problems with action potential