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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Give two reasons why blood pressure is important?

A
  1. Blood flow to a given tissue must match the metabolic rate of that tissue.
  2. Without this adequate blood supply of O2 and nutrients, tissue will start to undergo necrosis.
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2
Q

What is hemodynamics, the physical principles of blood flow, based mainly on?

A

Pressure and resistance

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3
Q

What does vascular resistance, or total peripheral resistance, depend on?

A
  1. Size of the vessel lumen
  2. Length of the blood vessel
  3. Blood viscosity
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4
Q

What is the force (or hydrostatic pressure) that blood exerts against a blood vessel wall?

A

blood pressure

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5
Q

What does blood pressure variation depend on?

A
  1. the system; systemic or pulmonary
  2. the distance from the ventricles of the heart
  3. whether the heart is in systole, contraction, or diastole, relaxation
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6
Q

What is usually measured in clinical circumstances?

A

Arterial blood pressure

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7
Q

What is pressure exerted by a liquid in response to an applied force?

A

hydrostatic force

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8
Q

What results in high blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output from both sides of the heart is equal but total resistance of the systemic circuit is much greater

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9
Q

What do capillaries enable?

A

Redistribution of blood to the areas of greatest need

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10
Q

What is the peak arterial blood pressure attained during ventricular systole?

A

systolic pressure

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11
Q

What is the minimum arterial pressure during ventricular diastole?

A

diastolic pressure

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12
Q

What is the difference of pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure?

A

pulse pressure

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13
Q

What is a pulse?

A

Rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heart beat

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14
Q

What is systolic pressure mainly affected by?

A

Ejection velocity, EV

Stroke volume, SV

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15
Q

What is diastolic pressure mainly affected by?

A

Total peripheral resistance
Mostly arteriole resistance
Blood flow from arterial to venous sides

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16
Q

(Mean arterial pressure) MAP=?

A

diastolic blood pressure + 1/3 of (systolic BP-diastolic BP)

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17
Q

Where is the arterial blood pressure typically measured at?

A

brachial artery with the art at heart level

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18
Q

What is used to measure arterial blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope

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19
Q

What are the four steps in measuring arterial BP?

A
  1. Inflate cuff to a pressure greater than the person’s systolic BP to prevent any blood flow in the artery
  2. Start to slowly deflate the cuff
  3. As the cuff deflates, a spurt of blood flows through the artery and a sound is heard = systolic pressure
  4. Once the sound becomes softer/muffled = diastolic pressure
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20
Q

What are the associated sounds in arterial BP measurements called?

A

Korotkoff sounds

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21
Q

What is the loud sound caused by in measuring arterial BP?

A

turbulent blood flow

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22
Q

What indicates that laminar blood flow has resumed when measuring arterial blood pressure?

A

The silence which resumes

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23
Q

What can account for different values of diastolic pressure between UK and US stats?

A

The UK diastolic pressure is indicated by the muffling sound while the US uses the silence

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24
Q

Which location is the most accurate place to measure arterial BP?

A

forearm

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25
Q

Which makes a larger sound; systolic or diastolic pressure? And why?

A

systolic (Phase I)

systolic pressure is larger than the cuff

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26
Q

What phases indicate diastolic pressure?

A

Phase IV or silence

27
Q

Name three factors that can disturb homeostasis?

A
  1. physical stress
  2. chemical changes
  3. increased tissue activity
28
Q

In response to the factors that disturb homeostasis what leads to local decrease in resistance and increase in blood flow?

A

Inadequate local BP and blood flow

29
Q

When decrease in resistance and increase in blood flow proves ineffective, signals are received by which two areas?

A
  1. Baroreceptors (in distensible areas of artery)

2. Kidney

30
Q

The signals received by the baroreceptors and the endocrine system lead to what?

A

Baroreceptors: processed by cardiovascular artery and leads to short-term increase in BP by increased cardiac output and peripheral vasoconstriction
Endocrine system: Long-term increase in BP by increasing blood volume

31
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

Stretching of blood vessels

32
Q

What is an example of baroreceptors and where is it located?

A

Carotid sinus

In the internal carotid artery above the branching of the common carotid into the internal and external carotid arteries

33
Q

Do baroreceptors contain unmyelinated or myelinated sensory fibers?

A

both

34
Q

What are the sensory fibers of the baroreceptors integrated with?

A

elastic layers

35
Q

Do baroreceptors use graded or action potentials?

A

Graded

36
Q

Where is the aortic arch located?

A

Just above heart

37
Q

What does the aortic arch have a lot of?

A

elastic fibers

38
Q

What are the effectors for baroreceptors?

What do they control?

A

Cardiac muscle
Vascular smooth muscle
(adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance)

39
Q

What center increases sympathetic activity to the heart?

A

Cardioacceleratory center

40
Q

What center increases parasympathetic activity to heart?

A

Cardioinhibitory center

41
Q

What does the vasomotor center do?

A

Controls activity of sympathetic neurons that innervate vascular smooth muscle

42
Q

When do we need short-term regulation of arterial BP?

A

Orthostasis

43
Q

What happens during orthostasis? What does orthostasis control?

A

Cardiovascular centers increase vasomotor tone

Posture

44
Q

Why do some people faint when waking up too quickly?

A

BP hasn’t adjusted yet
Temporary lack of blood supply
Laying down: low BP
Standing up: High BP

45
Q

What are examples of long-term regulation of arterial BP?

A

Hormonal resistance
Negative feedback loop
Adjusting blood volume

46
Q

What hormone causes Na retention and K loss at the kidneys?

A

Aldosterone

47
Q

What factor stimulates antidiuretic hormone release from the pituitary gland causing vasoconstriction and water conservation in the kidneys?

A

Angiotensin II

48
Q

Effect of angiotensin II on BP is at least _ times greater than that of _

A

four

noradrenaline

49
Q

What organ releases renin?

A

kidneys

50
Q

What organ releases angiotenisogen?

A

liver

51
Q

What is a precursor molecule of angiotensin II?

A

Angiotensin I

52
Q

What two parts of the brain does angiotensin II stimulate and what does it lead to?

A

Hypothalamus
-Thirst, drinking, vasoconstriction
Adrenal cortex
- salt and water retention for elevated BP

53
Q

What are two examples of blood pressure variations in sleep-wake cycle?

A

Low BP during sleep

High BP during waking

54
Q

BP is activity dependent. Which is why people with a compromised internal clock can have heart attacks. Where would this often happen?

A

in the bathroom

55
Q

_ is a chronic resting BP of over 140/90

A

hypertension

56
Q

What can hypertension lead to?

A 
hypertensive stroke
constricted blood vessels in the eye
atherosclerotic plaque formation
ventricular hypertrophy
glomerulosclerosis
aneurysm
57
Q

What are two groups of drugs that disrupt the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)

58
Q

What is an examole of an ACE inhibitor?

A

Ramipril

59
Q

What is an example of an ARB?

A

Losartan

60
Q

What reduces blood volume?

A

thiazide diuretics

61
Q

What type of antagonist decreases cardiac output?

A

sympathetic beta-1 adrenoceptor antagonist

62
Q

What is an example of the antagonist that decreases cardiac output?

A

metoprolol

63
Q

What are two types of antagonists that decrease total peripheral resistance via vasodilation? Name one example for each.

A

Sympathetic alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist
- doxazosin
Calcium channel antagonist
- nifedipine

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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