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Physiology and Pharmacology > Lecture 23 > Flashcards

Lecture 23 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of the human egg?

A

100-159 micrometers

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2
Q

How long is the sperm? How wide is the sperm?

A

6 micrometers, 4 micrometers

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3
Q

What is syngamy?

A

When sperm head is incorporated into egg

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4
Q

What does syngamy allow?

A

Protects genetic material from the sperm from leukocytes (if sperm genetic material is damaged, if can affect ovarian genetic material as well)

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5
Q

When does syngamy occur?

A

12-24 hours after ovulation

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6
Q

What allows sperm to swim in the right direction?

A

Chemoattractants (and maybe temperature changes)

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7
Q

What does the female tract do in regards to sperm filtration?

A

Weeds out sperm as some are underdeveloped

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8
Q

What happens when decapacitation factors of the sperm head brushes off?

A

Reveals receptors that bind to egg membrane

Can attach to egg

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9
Q

How are the decapacitation factors removed?

A

Mucous holes just big enough for sperm to pass through

  • mucus scrapes off decapacitation molecules
  • reveals receptors
  • ready to fertilize
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10
Q

How does IVF work in regards to capacitation of the sperm?

A

Make sperm swim through artificial mucous membrane

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11
Q

What are the two stages of capacitation?

A
  1. Acrosome reaction

2. Motility changes

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12
Q

How is acrosome reaction controlled?

A

DNA is arrowhead shape but also contains acrosomes (in acrosomal cap) covers 2/3 of head

  • Double layered bag pulled over head
  • Develops from Golgi apparatus
    • There are 60 different hydrolytic enzymes
  • acrosome reaction involves holes that release
  • enzymes erode membrane surrounding the egg for penetration
  • collar that surrounds the head is where receptors are that binds to the egg
  • side of head (collar) binds to egg NOT THE TIP
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13
Q

How is motility controlled?

A

Sperm dances around (starspin) to increase chance to meet egg
Cholesterol in membrane of tail allows change of motility
Eggs only complete meiosis when fertilized

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14
Q

What does pronuclei contain?

A

Half of the genes

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15
Q

What does the pronuclei do?

A

Give rise to paternal/maternal chromosomes which mix on metaphase plate
Embryo - Morula - Blastocyst

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16
Q

What does the blastocyst contain?

A

Contains uterine cavity (84-96 hours after ovulation)

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17
Q

What does the blastocyst do?

A

Attaches to endometrium then forms placenta

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18
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

in the ampulla of the female tract

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19
Q

How does fertilization allow for diversity?

A 
Provides half (chromosomes from each parent)
Randomly selects which paternal chromosome enters gamete
Exchange of genetic information during gametogenesis
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20
Q

How long is the gestation length of males and females?

A

Male: 265 days Female: 266 days

or 38 calendar weeks (9months)

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21
Q

What does sexual phenotype depend on?

A

GONADS

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22
Q

What develops the male phenotype?

A

testes present

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23
Q

What develops the female phenotype?

A

ovaries are present or no gonads

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24
Q

Are oocytes needed for normal ovary development?

A

yes

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25
Q

Are sperm needed for normal testes development?

A

no

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26
Q

Where do gonads develop?

A

gonadal ridges

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27
Q

What do gonadal ridges contain?

A

Mesonephros (primitive kidney)

Internal tubes and ducts

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28
Q

Where do gonadal ridges form?

A

Posterior abdominal wall within a few weeks of fertilization
- has presumptive cells that develop into tubular kidney systems (develop close to midline after a few weeks post-fertilization)

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29
Q

What are Gonadal ridges close to?

A

Allantois germ cells (appear like primordial germ cells)

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30
Q

What do primordial germ cells become when they differentiate at 5 weeks?

A

Gonia

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31
Q

How many primitive oogonia develop by 7 months of gestation?

A

9 million cells

32
Q

How many oogonia are left by birth?

A

half a million

33
Q

Why does the number of oogonia decrease after it reaches its peak number?

A

Degeneration of oogonia (decrease in FSH)
Transformation into oocytes
Oogonia produce my mitosis but oocytes by meiosis
Meiosis Inducing Substance (MIS) needed to transform oogonia to oocytes

34
Q

Where are Meiosis Inducing Substance from?

A

Mesonephric ducts in BOTH males and females

35
Q

What do males produce that counteracts the effects of MIS?

A

meiosis Preventing substance (MPS)

36
Q

What becomes the testes during puberty?

A

testis cordis

37
Q

How long does it take to produce sperm?

A

60-70 days

38
Q

How long does it take to produce oocytes?

A

can take decades

39
Q

How many oocytes are there at birth and how many are lost during menstruation?

A

400 000-500 000

400-500

40
Q

What happens when all the oocytes are lost?

A

menopause

41
Q

What is the name for primitive sperm producing cells?

A

spermatozoa

42
Q

What do the testis cords transform into?

A

Semeniferous tubules

43
Q

What do the semeniferous tubules do?

A

produce sperm

44
Q

What chromosome combination leads to Turner’s syndrome?

A

X0

45
Q

How many genes are there on the Y-chromosome?

A

60 genes

46
Q

Which gene induces testes information?

A

Sry

47
Q

What hormone does the testes produce?

A

Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) (also known as Mullerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS)
Testosterone (several types)

48
Q

What protein is a product of Sry?

A

SRY

49
Q

What does SRY do?

A

Triggers Sertoli cell fate?

50
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

Supporting cell of testis
Sperm form inside vesicles in sertoli cells
Semeniferous tubules are long
- on surface is where they develop
- sperm develop in vacuoles in sertoli cells

51
Q

What happens when SRY is absent?

A

Follicle cell fate develops (becomes female)

52
Q

What does SRY protein contain?

A

HMG box-type of DNA binding protein

53
Q

What does the HMG domain bind to?

A

Minor groove of DNA altering its configuration so influencing transcription by affecting neighboring interactions between proteins and DNA

54
Q

Which gene is probably involved in long term maintenance?

A

SOX9
Acts as the electricity that is controlled by the switch
SOX 9 increases in Sertoli cells a few days after Sry is activated in males

55
Q

What happens to SOX 9 in females?

A

decline

56
Q

What can SOX9 mutations cause?

A

Male-female reversal

57
Q

What is the steroidal cell in males and females?

A

Male: Leydig cell Female: Theca cell

58
Q

What are the connective tissue cells in males and female?

A

Male: testicular cords, myoid cells
Female: Stroma cells

59
Q

What does 5 alpha reductase do?

A

Converts testosterone to more active 5 dihydroxytestosterone (5DHT)

60
Q

What are features of 5DHT?

A

5 times more potent than testosterone itself used to trigger male phenotype pathway
A gradient of response can be obtained
- varying concentration can affect the development of male genitalia
- if lacking, male genitalia do not differentiate properly

61
Q

What can be seen in Testicular Feminization syndrome?

A

Karyotype 46/XY
Normal male phenotype but genotype female
Testes present to produce normal levels of testosterone
Low levels of cytosolic carrier protein for hormone prevents actions
Female phenotype is due to unopposed action of (smell) amounts of estrogen from testes/adrenal cortex
- testosterone has no effect to counteract the “female” hormones
Female genitalia generally underdeveloped

62
Q

How is assignment sex assessed?

A

External genitalia at birth and on birth certificate

63
Q

Until when is internal genitalia undifferentiated?

A

at 8 weeks

64
Q

What happens by 10 weeks?

A

AMH starts to take effect

  • paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct degenerates in mae
  • mesonephric (Wolffian) duct degenerates in female
65
Q

When are clear differences seen in external genitalia?

A

12 weeks

66
Q

By when does the fetus have a normal infant appearance?

A

34 weeks

67
Q

In which sex does the paramesonephric duct degenerate?

A

male

68
Q

In which sex does the mesonephric duct degenerate?

A

female

69
Q

What does the seminal vesicle become?

A

prostate

70
Q

What do Leydig cells do?

A

promote male phenotype

71
Q

What are the three levels of development?

A

Undifferentiated
- identical
Partly developed
- male and female still look similar
- Labio scrotal swelling becomes scrotum/labial majora
Fused:
- males: Flap of tissue closes up
- females: Closes but not the whole way (has an opening, that’s why urethra meatus is in the middle)
- Hypospadias: A condition in which males have an opening in middle of scrotum instead of the tip (pretty common)
Fully developed

72
Q

What comprises the male genitalia?

A

Glans penis
Urethral meatus: opening of urethra in penis
- urethra is horizontal but tip is vertical - spiral motion of urine
Linear alba: line of skin on ventral surface between testes to the opening of anus

73
Q

What comprises the female genitalia?

A

Labia majora
Labia minora: same tissue as linear alba
Glans clitoris and head of penis under microscope look similar

74
Q

How are the clitoris and the penis similar?

A

Spongy tissue

Enlarged from sexual arousal

75
Q

How are the clitoris and the penis different?

A

Clitoris does not become rigid but is still homologous to penis

76
Q

Where are the testes in the 8-week baby and 8-month baby?

A

8-week: abdomen

8-month: scrotal sac

77
Q

How does the testes move?

A

Pop through posterior abdominal wall
lie outside of body cavity
men are more likely to have hernia at the hips than women

Physiology and Pharmacology (27 decks)

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